Tools Of Empire

Question 1

Power centers (2)

Answer 1

A) Metropole
Secretary of state, ministers, …
Little representation

B) Colony
Governor
Armies
Little representation

Question 2

Representation in India (4)

Answer 2

A) 1858, 1892, 1909: Legislative & executive councils

B) 1882: Municipal council act

C) 1921: Provincial governments

D) 1935: autonomy to provinces
1937: one in 6 Indians can participate in elections

Question 3

Much variety in rule (4)

Answer 3

A) Direct and indirect rule
Esp GB

B) Assimilation & association
Esp France

C) Military rule
Esp Germany & Italy

D) Segregation
Esp Belgium

Question 4

Indirect rule (2)

Answer 4

A) Local rulers remain on the throne
Minor competences
Not: army, taxes, foreign policy
Sided and controlled by British advisor
Mainly in less strategic regions

B) Advantages
Power without responsibility
Cheaper & loyal elite
Legitimation:
“Respect” for local traditions

Question 5

Indirect rule in BI (2)

Answer 5

A) BI
Double government under Clive of India -> nawab (puppet)
By 1857: ~580 princes

B) Also in other colonies

Question 6

Indirect rule elsewhere (3)

Answer 6

A) Belgian Congo
Only symbolical

B) Dutch East Indies
Batavia
Yogyakarta

C) French Indochina

Question 7

Assimilation (3)

Answer 7

A) What?
Turn colonized into French citoyens of color

B) Why?
French revolution: universalism
Napoleon: Centralism
Hangovers after 1815 & 1870

C) When & where?
Esp 19th c vielles colonies

Question 8

Association (2)

Answer 8

A) What? Step back
Humanité rather than égalité
Bilateral relationship with metropole, esp economic
Still centralized

B) Why?
Other colonies
Social Darwinism, racism

Question 9

Association (2)

Answer 9

A) What? Step back
Humanité rather than égalité
Bilateral relationship with metropole, esp economic
Still centralized

B) Why?
Other colonies
Social Darwinism, racism

Question 10

Divide and rule (3)

Answer 10

A) Enforcing existing inequalities, conflicts within one colony
Eg. Ethnic, religious
Categorization of people, cannot move from one category to another
Created hierarchies of ethnicities

B) Siding with minorities
Governance, eg tutsis
Military, eg Sikhs (martial races)

C) Creating division & weakness

Question 11

Violence (2)

Answer 11

A) Military superiority
Gunboats, maxim gum

B) Wars & destruction
E.g. Herero genocide

C) Repression everywhere

Question 12

Diseases (4)

Answer 12

A) Several diseases
Smallpox, measles, leprosy

B) Sometimes deliberate genocide
Hispaniola, Tasmania

C) Sometimes collateral damage
No immunity
Malaria in India facilitated by irrigation systems

D) Amnesia & selective memories

Question 13

Famines (2)

Answer 13

A) Examples in British India
Bengal famine 1770, 10mio dead
Great famine 1876
Indian famine 1899
Bengal famine 1943

B) Not only due to climate, but also to colonialism
Indifferent attitudes of colonial administration
High taxation

Question 14

Rulers at home (3)

Answer 14

A) Colonial party

B) Advocates for colonialism

C) More reluctant politicians

Question 15

Rulers oversea (2)

Answer 15

A) Nobles
Lord George Curzon
Viceroy -> foreign secretary

B) Soldiers career
Herbert Kitchener
Joseph Gallieni
Hubert Lyautey

Question 16

Masculinity (2)

Answer 16

A) A male business
Moustaches & uniforms
Safari costumes
Local dresses

B) But
Men only?
Heroic individuals?

Question 17

Men only? (4)

Answer 17

A) female pioneers
Mary Kingsley, Gertrude Bell

B) Female colonizers
Wives, nuns

C) General features
Greater freedom than at home
Better contact with indigenous

D) Female freedom fighters
Lalla Fatma N’Soumer

Question 18

Heroic individuals? (2)

Answer 18

A) Individuals?
Role of indigenous people
-> Stanley & 350 indigenous

B) Heroic?
Violence
Drugs
Sexual practices

Question 19

Sexual practices (2)

Answer 19

A) Homo-eroticism
Stanley’s problems with women
Rhodes’ notorious homosexuality
Baden-Powell & Kenneth McLarren
Pederasts: Hector MacDonald

B) Prostitution
Widespread in colonies
STDs