Block 1 Flashcards
1
Q
pH (ECF)
A
7.4
2
Q
pH (ICF)
A
7.1
3
Q
Steady State
A
requires energy for maintenance, homeostasis
4
Q
Equilibrium
A
no energy transfer
5
Q
Feed-Forward Control
A
Body anticipates a change (start line of a race, salivation when smelling food)
6
Q
Set Point Deviations
A
Circadian rhythm, environmental changes, fever, aging
7
Q
Hypotonic
A
Cells expand and may burst with water gain
8
Q
Hypertonic
A
Cells shrink due to water loss
9
Q
Dehydration
A
Water loss from plasma leads to water loss from interstitial compartment which leads to water loss from cells and hence cellular shrinking
10
Q
Diffusion
A
Down concentration gradient
- Direct diffusion: directly through membrane
- Channel-Mediated Transport: pores
- Facilitated Diffusion: conformational change (ion channels and carrier proteins)
11
Q
Active Transport
A
Energy source needed to move solute AGAINST its concentration gradient
- Primary: Na/K pump, carrier mediated
- Secondary: glucose, carrier mediated
12
Q
Endocytosis
A
Engulf part of the extracellular fluid, pinch off and internalize those vesicles into the cell
13
Q
Exocytosis
A
Intracellular membrane-bound vesicle within the cell moves to the plasma membrane, fuses with it, and releases contents into extracellular fluid
14
Q
Depolarization
A
cells whose membrane charges following the influx of Na+ into the cell, more positive Vm
15
Q
What are the 3 components of homeostatic regulation mechanism?
A
Receptor, regulatory center, effector
16
Q
Excitability
A
tissue that is capable of generating and responding to an electrical signal
17
Q
Adequate stimulus
A
an act applied to a living thing that is strong enough to evoke a response
18
Q
Responce
A
the reaction of an organism once adequate stimulus has been applied
19
Q
Resting potential
A
the phase in which there are more K+ gates open than Na+ in the membrane
20
Q
Hyperpolarization
A
also called the undershoot, where the membrane potential moves towards the K equilibrium
21
Q
Repolarization
A
the process of recovering a normal membrane voltage
22
Q
Negative Feedback Mechanism
A
signals sent through a loop system aimed at reversing a change in a controlled environment
23
Q
Positive Feedback Mechanism
A
a feed back loop in which the response re enforces the stimulus, triggering an amplified response
24
Q
Osmolarity
A
the number of osmotically active particles per VOLUME of water
290
(275-295)
25
Osmolality
the number of osmotically active particles per WEIGHT of water
26
Tonicity
PRESSURE caused by the osmotic gradient across cell membrane, only non penetrating molecules
27
Osmotic pressure
pressure required to prevent water movement across a semi-permeable membrane
28
Resting State
activation gate closed and inactivation gate open, minimal flux of Na
29
Membrane Potential
the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell
30
Equilibrium Potential
the potential at which there is no flux of a given ion
31
Summation
mult. signals arriving at the trigger zone are (summed)
32
Temporal summation
Graded potential (sum together)
- change in frequency of stimulation (time)
- single neuron fires many times
33
Spatial Summation
Graded potential
| -mult. inputs at different locations on neuron (space)
34
Myasthenia Gravis
```
Autoimmune disorder
-anti bodies block nicotinic receptors
-weakness, droopy eye, double vision
-Anticholinesterase drugs: neostigmine
allows ACh to remain at the NMJ
```
35
Inotropism
Ability of myocardial cells to change the strength of contraction
-heart exposed to an inotrope can potentially generate more isotonic force and move a greater load faster and farther
36
Where is smooth muscle found?
vasculature, respiratory, gut
37
Frontal lobe
Motor planning and commands, impulse control, working memory, judgement
38
Parietal lobe
reception and perception of sensory information
39
Temporal lobe
auditory, memory
40
Occipital lobe
visual processing
41
limbic lobe
emotions, memory
42
Insular lobe
gustatory sense (taste)
43
Limbic System
Grey matter in brain
1. cingulate gyrus: emotion
2. Thalamus
3. hippocampus: learning and memory
4. amygdala: emotion and memory
44
Association Tracts
conduct nerve imposes between gyri in the same hemisphere
45
Commissural Tracts
conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in other hemisphere
46
Projection Tracts
conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or vice versa
47
Cerebrospinal Fluid produced?
Choroid plexus
| ependymal cells, Pia mater, fenestrated capillaries
48
Flow of CSF
lateral ventricles --->third ventricles-->4th ventricle--->subarachnoid space---> intracranial sinuses --> blood stream
49
Functions of CSF
Shock absorber, provides nutrients and removes toxic waste, diagnostic tool
50
Blood Brain Barrier
tight endothelial cell junctions, induced by paracrine signals from astrocytes feet
- functional barrier made up of capillaries between interstitial fluid
- no BBB: hypothalamus, vomiting center
51
Functions of BBB
maintains a constant environment and protects brain from toxins, prevents the escape of neurotransmitters from the CNS to the general circulation
52
Diencephalon
1. Thalamus: relays and modulates sensory information traveling to the cortex and integrates motor information traveling from basal ganglia and cerebellum to cortex
2. Hypothalamus: homeostasis and the endocrine system
3. Pituitary Gland: endocrine/neuroendocrine gland
4. Pineal Gland: secretes melatonin
53
Brain Stem
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
| -regulates: HR, breathing, consciousness
54
Cerebellum
Movement, memory of skills and movements, coordination, and speech
55
Blood supply to the brain
Internal Carotid artery and subclavian artery
56
Meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater
57
Cervical spinal nerves
8
58
Thoracic spinal nerves
12
59
lumbar spinal nerves
5
60
sacral spinal nerves
5
61
coccygeal
1
62
Good supply to the spinal cord
Anterior longitudinal artery and 2 posterior longitudinal arteries (branch of the subclavian)
63
Sensory neurons
from the receptors to CNS
64
Motor neurons
from the CNA or ganglia to effector cells
65
Interneurons
communicating and integrating network
66
Oligodendrocytes CNS
forms and maintains the myelin sheaths of multiple axons
67
Astrocytes CNS
strengthens and support neuronal tissue, forms the BBB, homeostatic environment
68
Microglia CNS
phagocytic
69
Ependymal cells CNS
produce and secrete CSF
70
Schwann cells PNS
myelinated 1 portion of an axon
71
Satellite cells PNS
structural support
72
Adequate stimulus
respond to a particular form of energy
73
transduction
covert stimuli into electrical signals
74
convergence
decreases 2 point discrimination
75
Pacinian Corpuscle
| touch receptors of the skin
- lies deep in the dermis
- responds to VIBRATION
- large receptive field
- rapidly adapting
76
Ruffini's endings
| touch receptors of the skin
- Slightly smaller than PC
- deep in dermis
- responds to skin stretch
- large receptive fields
- slow adapting
77
Meissner's Corpuscle
| touch receptors of the skin
- located on the ridges of glabrous skin (ridges of fingerprints)
- responds to flutter, stroking
- small receptive field
- rapidly adapting
78
Merkel's Disc
| touch receptors of the skin
-located on superficial layers of the skin
responds to steady pressure and texture
-small receptive field
-slow adapting
79
Free Nerve Endings
- located around hair roots and under skin surface
- responds to various stimuli
- variable adaptation
80
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary control (joints, skin, striated muscle)
81
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary to/from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
82
Sensory
brings info from world to CNS
83
Motor
sends info from the CNS to the world
84
Dorsal Columns Medial Lemniscus Tract
Cross over at the Medulla
-Touch Receptors
Thalamus--> Parietal lobe --> post-central gyrus --> Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3a, 3b (primary somatosensory cortex)
85
Cortical Map Plasticity
Dynamic and adjust depending on the amount of sensory experience
86
Nociceptors
Located in the meninges not brain!
| -activated by stimuli that have the potential to cause tissue damage
87
AB
| Sensory nerve fiber
Mechanoreceptors of skin (very myelinated)
88
AS
| Sensory nerve fiber
Sense cold, fast pain, myelinated
89
C
| Sensory nerve fiber
Slow pain, heat and cold, itch, unmyelinated
90
How do pain signals get to the brain?
Antero-lateral system or spinothalamic tract
| -cross over spinal cord? (immediate)
91
The Gate-Control Theory of Pain
Tonically active inhibitory interneurons suppress pain pathway
-with strong pain the C fiber stops inhibitions of the pathway allowing a strong signal to be sent
92
Prostaglandins
inflammatory mediators- use the COX pathway and inhibit COX pathway of pain
-NSAIDS
93
Opioid
Endorphins, enkephalins
| -heroine, morphine
94
Taste Cells
-taste pore
-trigger AP
Tongue--> brainstem-->thalamus--> gustatory cortex
95
Olfactory
No thalamus
96
Sound Transduction
Displacement of the cilia in one direction increases the tension on the tip link and increased the influx of potassium, K+ causes depolarization and entry of calcium which causes the neurotransmitter to be released
97
Hyperopia
Farsightedness (up close is blurry)
| -Treat w/ convex lens
98
Myopia
Nearsightedness (far away blurry)
| -Treat w/ concave lens
99
Cones
Function under photooptic conditions
| -Color
100
Rods
Function under scotopic conditions
| -night, black and white
101
Accommodation
| Eye
Changing the shape of the lens
| -Ciliary Muscles: Contracted=lens becomes more round, Relaxed=flatten the lens
102
Presbyopia
loss of eyes ability to focus
103
Fovea
Does not have the laminar layer (it is a pit and neurons are pushed off to the side) and light goes in, most acute vision
104
Optic Disc
Where the optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eye has no photoreceptors "blind spot"
105
Retina
Has laminar organization
106
The order in which sound travels through the auditory system?
external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, scala vestibuli, scala tympani, round window
107
Lesions of the speech center in frontal lobe results in
failure of coordination of speech muscles
108
Troponin T (tropomyosin)
attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin
109
Troponin I
Inhibition, positions tropomyosin over myosin binding site on actin
110
Troponin C
Ca+2 binds and tropomyosin is moved to initiate contraction
111
A band
remains constant, all myosin and some actin
112
H and I band
decrease with contraction
113
Z band
drawn closer to the ends of the A band with contraction
114
Calmodulin
Instead of troponin C (smooth muscle only)
115
Brown Sequard Syndrome
Ipsilateral motor deficit
| Contralateral loss of pain and temp
116
Rapid depolarization
upstroke
117
Anterior Corticospinal tract
skeletal muscles of the trunk and parts of the limbs
118
smooth muscle differs from skeletal muscle
different source of calcium
119
approximate extracellular fluid volumeof a normal individual
20% of body mass
120
G-protein coupled tastants
bitter, sweet, umami
121
Block ion channel tastants
sour
122
Pass through ion channels tastants
salt and sour
123
IPSP
Gaba and Cl
124
EPSP
Glutamate and Na
125
A particular taste can be identified by the pattern of activation of multiple different neurons. Which term best describes this phenomenon?
Population coding
126
Why is the resting membrane potential -70?
Conductance of K+ is much greater than that of Na+
127
Upper motor neuron injury
positive babinski
128
Golgi Tendon
discriminates weight when we are lifting
