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Child Health > Block #1 - Growth and Development > Flashcards

Block #1 - Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Morbidity

A

Prevalence of an illness in a population at a time

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2
Q

Mortality

A

Deaths per 1,000 people in a given population

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3
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Genetics vs. environment which a child is raised in

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4
Q

What is the recommended site for IM injections in infants?

A

Vastus Lateralis (outer thigh)

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5
Q

How do you calculate output on an infant?

A

Compare the weight of a clean and soiled diaper.

1 g = 1 mL out put

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6
Q

What is the age range for “Infant?”

A

Birth to 1 year

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7
Q

What is the expected weight gain for an infant?

A
  • Return to birth weight by 10 - 14 days
  • Double birth weight by 6 months
  • Triple birth weight by 12 months
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8
Q

What is the expected height gain for an infant?

A

1” per month until 6 months, then sporadic growth spurts

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9
Q

Moro reflex

A
  • Birth to 4 months

- Startle the baby to test

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10
Q

Babinski Reflex

A
  • Birth to 12 months

- Stroke feet and the toes splay

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11
Q

Sucking Reflex

A
  • Birth to 2-5 months

- A baby will begin to suck on anything put in its mouth

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12
Q

Rooting Reflex

A
  • Birth to 3 months

- A baby will turn towards something that is on their cheek and attempt to suck

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13
Q

Parachute Reflex

A

Hold the baby prone and “drop” it a little, arms should reach out to try and catch itself

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14
Q

Locomotion/Cephalocaudal Development Order

A

1- Pushes up from prone (4 months)
2- Propel/crawl on all 4’s (8 months)
3- Pulls self up to stand alone (10 months)
4- Walks while holding onto a hand (11 months)
5- Stands and walks by themselves (12 months)

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15
Q

Infant Gross Motor Skills

A
  • Full hand, pincer grasp
  • Rolls from abdomen to back (4-5 months)
  • Sits alone (7 months)
  • Moves from prone to sitting ( 10 months)
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16
Q

Infant Fine Motor Skills

A

-Fingers, pincer grasp (10 months)

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17
Q

When does a fear of strangers develop?

A

7 to 9 months

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18
Q

How do you calculate developmental age for a premature baby?

A

Chronological age - weeks immature (<40) = developmental age

This is only used until 12 months

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19
Q

When is food other than breastmilk/formula introduced and what is?

A

5 months - rice cereal

Vegetables and then fruit can be introduced at 6-8 months

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20
Q

What are exception for recommening breastfeeding to a mother?

A
  • Infants with galactosemia
  • Maternal use of illicit drugs
  • Maternal untreated active TB
  • Maternal HIV infection in developed countries
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21
Q

What age range is “Toddler?”

A

1 to 3 years

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22
Q

What is the expected weight gain for a toddler?

A

3 to 5 lbs per year

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23
Q

What is the expected height gain for a toddler?

A

3” per year

approx. 1/2 of adult height by 2

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24
Q

What are signs that toddler is ready for Potty Training?

A
  • Regular bowel movements
  • Expresses knowledge of need to use the bathroom
  • The diaper is not always wet
  • The toddler is willing to follow instructions
  • The toddler walks well alone and can pull down their pants
  • The toddler follows caregiver to the bathroom
  • The toddler climbs onto potty chair or toilet
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25
Q

When should the fontanelles (anterior/posterior) close and what can be determined by assessing them?

A
  • Anterior closes @ 12-18 months.
  • Posterior closes @ 2-4 months

*They can indicate hydration status by being swollen or sunken

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26
Q

What are the gross motor skills expected in a toddler?

A
  • Running
  • Climbing
  • Jumping
  • Pulling and pushing a toy
  • Throwing a ball (not catching)
  • Pedaling a tricycle
27
Q

What are the expected fine motor skills in a toddler?

A
  • Progress from holding and pinching to using utensils
  • Hold a crayon
  • String a bead
  • Use a computer
  • Stack blocks (1 year old- 4 blocks, 3 year old- 10 blocks)
28
Q

What is language like for toddlers?

A
  • Echolalia: the toddler repeats what they hear without understanding the meaning
  • Telegraphic speech: the toddler only uses key words, not full sentences (“me hungry”)
29
Q

What are foods high in Vitamin A?

A
  • Apricots
  • Cantaloupe
  • Carrots
  • Mangoes
  • Spinach and darky leafy greens
  • Sweet potatoes
30
Q

What are foods high in Folate?

A
  • Avocados
  • Broccoli
  • Green peas
  • Oranges
  • Spinach and dark leafy greens
  • Strawberries
31
Q

What are foods high in Vitamin C?

A
  • Broccoli
  • Oranges
  • Cantaloupe
  • Green peas
  • Potatoes
  • Strawberries
  • Tomatoes
32
Q

What are foods high in Fiber?

A
  • Applesauce
  • Carrots
  • Corn
  • Green beans
  • Mangoes
  • Pears
33
Q

At what age can temperment be assessed?

A

Temperment can be assessed at any age through various methods

34
Q

What age range is “Preschool?”

A

3 to 6 years

35
Q

What is the expected weight gain for a preschooler?

A

About 5 lbs per year

36
Q

What is the expected height gain for a preschooler?

A

2.5” to 3” per year

37
Q

What are the expected motor skills for a preschooler at ages 3, 4, and 5?

A
  • By 3 years: walking, running, climping, jumping
  • By 4 years: skips and hops on one foot, throws ball over hand
  • By 5 years: draws a person with a body and 6 parts, mostly takes care of own toilet needs
38
Q

What is the expected communication levels for a 4-year-old, 5-year-old, and a school age child?

A
  • 4 years: 1,500 words
  • 5 years: 2,100 words
  • School age: 8,000 - 14,000
39
Q

What is the Denver Developmental Test and how is it done?

A
  • It is a test (at 8 months) for assessing a childs motor skills
  • A nurse records all of a child actions for a couple of hours, then they are evaluated by and trained professional.
40
Q

How do preschoolers react to traumatic events?

A

They often feel guilt, whether or not it was their fault in any way.

41
Q

What are some of the most common developmental issues?

A

Lying - Often done to try and avoid punishment
Sex Education - Only bring up if the child asks about it, then ask them what they think happens
Masturbation- Don’t punish or make a big deal of this or it will get worse. Simply stop them

42
Q

What are risk factors for being overweight and obese in preschoolers?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Insulin Resistance
43
Q

What are foods that are high in Calcium?

A
  • Low fat or whole milk
  • Low fat yogurt
  • Cheddar cheese
  • White beans
  • Tofu
  • Raw broccoli
44
Q

What is the age range of the “school age” child?

A

6 to 12 years

45
Q

What is the expected height gain for a school age child?

A

2” per year

Children are expected to increase about 1’ during this stage

46
Q

What is the expected weight gain for a school age child?

A

4 to 6 lbs

47
Q

When do the child’s organs reach adult size and function?

A

10-years-old

48
Q

What are two ways to prevent back issues in later life?

A
  • Good supportive shoes

- Do not allow a very heavy backpack

49
Q

What are common vision problems that need correcting in this stage?

A
  • Strabismus (Cross-eyed): may need surgery to correct and prevent resulting blindness
  • Amblyopia (Lazy Eye): patch the good eye to strength the bad, as this can caused many detrimental effects on vision
50
Q

What fine motor skills are in school aged children?

A

Hand usage improves
Hand-eye coordination and balance improves
Can write, print words, sew, to build models
Takes pride in dextrous activities and fine motor skills (i.e. instruments)

51
Q

What are common school age fears?

A
  • 10% of children have fear of school
  • Kidnapping
  • Surgery that affects appearance
  • Death/dying
52
Q

How should a child be disciplined?

A
  • No spankings/beatings
  • Discipline but praise good as well
  • Timeout (1 minute per year old)
  • Grounding
53
Q

When should sleepwalking and night terrors end?

A

By 8 to 10 years old

54
Q

What is the age range for “Teens?”

A

12 to 19 years old

55
Q

Which group has the biggest impact on/importance to teens?

A

Peers

56
Q

What are barriers to task completion that may be encountered in caring for teens?

A

Cultural
Racial
Socio-economic (most impactful barrier)

57
Q

What are signs of risk for suicide?

A
  • Previous attempts
  • Changes in social behavior
  • Depressed
  • Moody
  • Giving things away
  • Sudden change in friend groups
58
Q

What is the #1 cause of death in teens and potential causes of it?

A

Unintentional Injury

  • Peer pressure
  • Rapid growth’s effects on coordination
  • Lack of experience
  • Lack of self control
59
Q

When do teens begin puberty?

A

Girls: 9-10 years old
Boys: 10-11 years old

60
Q

What does an increase in FSH trigger?

A

Girls: stimulates the growth ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen

Boys: stimulates sperm production

61
Q

What does an increase in LH trigger?

A

Girls: initiates ovulation and progesterone production

Boys: prompts maturation of testicles and production of testosterone

62
Q

Who created a staging method to determine sexual maturity?

A

Dr. Tanner

63
Q

Anorexia implications

A
  • Control issues
  • Psychological disturbance
  • Genetic tendency
  • Distorted view of self
  • Life threatening, if uncontrolled
64
Q

Unhealthy Romantic Relationship Risks

A
  • Dating Violence
  • STI’s r/t risky sexual activity
  • Premature pregnancy

Child Health (9 decks)

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