Block 11 - part 3

Question 1

4 types of neglect

Answer 1

physical neglect
educational
emotional
medical

Question 2

7 signs of neglect

Answer 2

malnutrition, poor hygeine, unattended physical/medical problems, frequent lateness/absence at school, inappropriate clothing, frequent illness, left unsupervised for long periods

Question 3

4 types of child abuse

Answer 3

physical abuse
neglect
psychologcial abuse
sexual abuse

Question 4

physical abuse

Answer 4

deliberate aggressive actions on child that inflict pain

Question 5

neglect

Answer 5

failing to provide a child’s needs

Question 6

psychological abuse

Answer 6

behaviours towards children that cause mental anguish or deficits

Question 7

sexual abuse

Answer 7

touching a child in a sexual way or committing a sexual act with him or her

Question 8

people involved in reproductive ethics debates

Answer 8

parents, future/existing child, third parties, including the state

Question 9

parents involvement in reproductive ethics debate

Answer 9

procreative autonomy, parents wishes regarding reproductive choices should be respected, state interference should be minimal

Question 10

future/existing child involvement in reproductive ethics debate

Answer 10

parents wishes should not be respected if not in interests of the future child

Question 11

third party involvement in reproductive ethics debate

Answer 11

use of resources, health care providers objections of consequences

Question 12

Main outcome of the human fertilisation and embryology act (1990)

Answer 12

‘a woman shall not be provided with fertility treatment services unless account has been taken of the welfare of any child who may be born as a result of the treatment (including the need of that child for a father)’

Question 13

criticisms of the ‘welfare criterior’ in 1990 human fertilisation and embryology act

Answer 13

fertile couples don’t need to meet this criterion, predicting welfare of future children is very difficult, research suggests not the case that father is always required for a child to flourish

Question 14

Main outcome of the human fertilisation and embryology act (2008)

Answer 14

continues to talk about a duty to take account the welfare of the child in providing fertility treatment (hence welfare criterion remains) but replaces reference of ‘need for father’ wtih ‘need for supportive parents’, thus valuing the role of all parents

Question 15

pro-life argument (4 points)

Answer 15

abortion ends the life of a foetus, human foetuses have the moral status of a person (?), it is wrong to end the lif of a person/a creature with the moral status of a person (depends on circumstances?), therefore abortion is morally wrong

Question 16

procreative autonomy

Answer 16

to have control over one’s reproductive capabilities, freedom to choose whether or not to have children

Question 17

Abortion act (1967, amended 1990) stated:

Answer 17

A person shall not be guilty of an offence under the law relating to abortion when a pregnancy is terminated by a registered medical practitioner if two registered medical practitioners are of the opinion formed in good faith.

Question 18

Criteria for ‘formed in good faith’ abortion act 1967/1990

Answer 18

Pregnancy has not exceeded 24 weeks, temination is necessary to prevent injury to physical or mental health, continuing pregnancy would involve risk to the life of the pregnant women, risk is that the child was born it would suffer from physical or metnal abnormalities

Question 19

arguments for assisted reproduction

Answer 19

procreative autonomy, helps get around fertility problems, more successful than other types of assisted reproductive technology, can help single women and same-sex couples have a child

Question 20

arguments against assisted reproduction

Answer 20

involves destruction of embryos, higher risk of multiple pregnancy with associated risks of mortality and morbidity, is ‘unnatural’, encourages mentality which views people as things which can be bought/sold, IVF babies at higher risk of birth defects, psychological and physical health risk on parents, ART can be expensive.

Question 21

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

Answer 21

genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation, and sometimes even oocytes prior to fertilisation. Can be used to avoid genetic diseases

Question 22

ethical issues with pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

Answer 22

sex selection, saviour siblings

Question 23

3 views on conscientious objections of doctors to abortion

Answer 23

objections should always be respected, never, sometimes

Question 24

argument that doctors objections should always be respected

Answer 24

autonomy of the medical provider is paramount, no-one should be made to do something that goes against their strongly held personal beliefs

Question 25

argument that doctors objections should never be respected

Answer 25

women’s interests should always take priority, sometimes argued that if doctors don’t like it then they shouldn’t have chosen medicine as a career

Question 26

argument that doctors objections should sometimes be respected

Answer 26

it might be possible for women’s interests to be met while at the same time not requiring doctors to do something that would cause then a great deal of stress

Question 27

GMC position on doctors objections to abortion

Answer 27

objections can sometimes be respected - dr can refer pts to abortion services or provide with info

Question 28

which act says that a 16 year old had full capacity and when was it published

Answer 28

the family law reform act 1969

Question 29

gillick competency

Answer 29

child (under 16) can consent to medical treatment if deemed competent by medical professional, without need for parental permission or knowledge

Question 30

fraser guidelines

Answer 30

doctors can give contraceptive advice and treatment to a person under 16 if she is mature and intelligent, likely to continue to have sex, and if the treatment is in her best interests

Question 31

what should be done before performing an intimate examination

Answer 31

explain why exam is necessary and allow pt to ask questions, explain what exam will involve, get consent and record that pt has given it, offer a chaperone, give pt privacy to undress

Question 32

role of midwife in postnatal care

Answer 32

identifying ‘at risk’ clients, support to make lifestyle changes (postnatal “window of opportunity”), signposting/liason/referral, health promotion, source of info, reassurance and support, safeguarding

Question 33

8 aims from NICE postnatal care up to 9 weeks after birth guidelines (2006, updated 2015)

Answer 33

postnatal care plan for every woman, communication - particularly about transfer of care, information giving, assess health and wellbeing of mother and baby, alert women to signs and symptoms of potentially life-threatening conditions, encourage breastfeeding, assess emotional wellbeing, give info about baby’s general condition

Question 34

7 people in pregnancy MDT

Answer 34

midwives, GPs, obstetrics, support workers, health visitors, maternity care assistants, public health practitioners

Question 35

role of MDT postnatal care and support teams

Answer 35

continuation of the care the woman received during her pregnancy, labour and birth, and involve planning and regularly reviewing the content and timing of care, for individual women and their babies

Question 36

11 barriers to MDT work

Answer 36

separate documentation, poor working relationship, lack of awareness and appreciation of the roles and responsibilities of others, limited time and resources, overlapping of roles, poor communication, lack of info sharing, lack of collaboration, lack of trust and confidence in abilities of other agencies, increased workload, lack of appropriately trained staff