Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Basics of Path > Block 2 > Flashcards

Block 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two benign bone forming lesions?

A

Osteoid osteoma and osteoblasoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant mesenchymal tumor, most common sarcoma of bone - mets in lungs, poorly delineated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the mean age of those diagnosed with osteosarcoma?

A

Male > Female

15 (peaks again in 50s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Atypical mitoses are indicative of ______________.

A

Malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common benign tumor of bone?

A

Osteochondroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does osteochondroma occur?

A

Metaphysis of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes multiple chondromatosis?

A

Point mutations in IDH1 or IDH12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 main functions of bone?

A
  1. Infrastructure
  2. House bone marrow
  3. Specialized CT
  4. Reservoir of Ca and phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the term for the inorganic material of bone matrix?

A

Hydroxyapatite - Ca, phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the term for the organic material of bone matrix?

A

Osteoid (Type 1 Collagen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

Water and Type II collagen

No mineral, neuronal, or vascular structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osteoblasts are specialized __________ and function to ______ bone.

A

fibroblasts

build

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bone formation is completed by __________-mediated deposition of Ca within the osteoid.

A

Osteocalcin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Osteocytes function to ________ bone, they occupy ___________, and they have cytoplamsic process that join those of other osteocytes via ____________.

A
  1. Maintain bone (long lived, most numerous cells in bone)
  2. Lacunae
  3. Gap junctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Osteoclasts function to ____________ bone matrix and they reside in ____________. They are multinuclear since they develop from __________________.

A
  1. Destroy/remodel bone matrix
  2. Howship’s lacunae (hollow matrix areas)
  3. Fused macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osteoclasts are inhibited by ___________ and activated by _____.

A
  1. Calcitonin

2. PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do osteoclasts break down bone matrix?

A

They attach to ECM via their ruffled border.

They release cathepsin-K and H+ into the microenvironment created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Paget’s Disesase

A

Lose bone mass - extensively multinucleated osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Osteoblasts mainly reside in the ___________.

A

Periosteum

20
Q

Osteoclasts reside attached to the bony matrix on the ______________.

A

Endosteal side

21
Q

What microscopic differences are observed between compact/cortical bone and spongy/trabecular bone?

A

None.

22
Q

Osteon

A

cylinder w/ concentric lamellae

23
Q

Lamellae have _______ that contain osteocyte that communicate via ______________.

A

Lacunae

Canaliculi

24
Q

Haversian canal

A

BV, nerves, and lymph run through

25
Q

Intramembranous bone development

A

Osteoblasts deposit osteoid onto mesoderm

26
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Osteoblasts deposit osteoid onto cartilage base.

27
Q

What processes use endochondral ossification?

A

Long bones in embryo and repair after fracture

28
Q

At the diaphysis and epiphyses osteoblasts invade _______________ and secrete osteoid.

A

calcified cartilage

29
Q

How do bones get long?

A
  1. Somatomedin induces cells to proliferate
  2. Get large and hollow out cartilage (zone of hypertrophy)
  3. Zone of calcification - becomes basophilic (blue)
  4. Zone of ossification - eosinophilic (red)
30
Q

What happens in the zone of calcification?

A

Collagen X replaces collagen II –> Osteoblasts can secrete osteoid

31
Q

What happens in the zone of ossification?

A

Deposition of collagen I

32
Q

Bone Repair

A
  1. Macrophages remove debris
  2. Chondroblasts secrete hyaline cartilage
  3. Osteoblasts replace with bony callus
  4. Primary (woven) bone is deposited then replaced by lamellar bone
33
Q

What are three methods of bone tissue engineering?

A
  1. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMP-2 and BMP-7)
  2. Adult stem cells (MSC) - Osteoblasts
  3. GFs or cells or both are implanted w/i biodegradable sponges made of collagen 1
34
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Dense, heavy bone - osteoclasts lack ruffled border

35
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Fragile - hollow bone - osteoclasts outpace osteogenesis - deviation from bone mineral density mean with age

36
Q

Osteoclast production: Stromal cells in BM are induced by PTH to secrete which 3 things?

A
  1. M-CSF - macrophage proliferation
  2. RANK-L - macrophage diff into osteoclasts
  3. OPG - osteoprotegerin antagonizes RANK-L??
37
Q

What allows osteoclasts to attach to bone?

A

Alpha5-beta3 integrin

38
Q

Osteoblasts are inhibited by ______ and induced by ____.

A

Leptin

BMP

39
Q

Osteoclasts are inhibited by ________ and ___________ and induced by _________.

A
  1. Calcitonin and osteoprotegerin

2. RANK-L

40
Q

Spikes of PTH favor __________ formation while constant PTH favors ____________ formation.

A

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

41
Q

What are three types of anti-resorptive drugs?

A
  1. SERMs
  2. Bisphosphonates
  3. Calcitonin
42
Q

What are other types of bone saving drugs?

A
  1. Osteoprotegerin, inhibit alpha5-beta3, anabolic agents, CBFA-1 master gene
43
Q

Pathogenesis for most soft tissue tumors is ________.

A

Unknown

44
Q

40% of sarcomas occur in the ______.

A

Thigh

45
Q

15% of sarcomas arise in _______ – incidence _________ with age.

A

Children

Increases

46
Q

What is the most common soft tissue tumor of adulthood?

A

Lipoma

47
Q

What is the most common soft sarcoma of childhood and adolescence?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Basics of Path (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions