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Basics of Path > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Infundibulum

A

Opening - sebaceous gland opens

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2
Q

Isthumus

A

Opening of sebaceous gland to erector muscle attachment

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3
Q

Matrix (hair follicle)

A

Rapidly dividing cells

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4
Q

What are 3 types of the pilosebaceous unit?

A
  1. Lanugo - fetal and anorexic
  2. Vellus - fine, arm hair
  3. Terminal - head, hirsutism
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5
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce and where are they at the highest density?

A
  1. Sebum - oil

2. Face and scalp - everywhere but palms and soles

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6
Q

How do sebaceous glands secrete sebum? When are they active?

A

Holocrine secretion

At birth, stim by androgen production in puberty

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7
Q

What are the 3 phases of the hair cycle?

A
  1. Anagen (growth) ~85%
  2. Catagen (transition) < 1%
  3. Telogen (resting) ~15%
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8
Q

Telogen effluvium

A

Stressor results in greater proportion of hair entering telogen phase –> inc. in amount of hair being shed – seen 3 months after event

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9
Q

Alopecia Areata

A

Autoimmune
Smooth patches of complete alopecia develop
Nail pits
1st line: Topical corticosteroids

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10
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A
  1. Eccrine (sweaty) - palms and soles - Sym fibers via ACh

2. Apocrine (sweaty/smelly) - secrete to infundibulum

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11
Q

Anhidrosis/Hypohidrosis

A

Occurs when sweat glands are absent/reducted

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12
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A

P. acnes - GP rod, dependent on glycerol –> inflammation

Androgen stim of sebum secretion & hyperproliferation follicular keratinocyte in comodone

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13
Q

How do retinoids treat acne vulgaris?

A

Target hyperproliferization of follicular keratinocytes

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14
Q

How does benzoyl peroxide treat inflammatory acne?

A

Oxidizes p. acnes - inflammatory acne

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15
Q

Open comedones

A

Black heads

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16
Q

Closed comedo

A

White heads

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17
Q

How do topical antibiotics target acne?

A

Cidal p. acnes and anti-inflammatory

18
Q

What are 3 types of system treatment for acne?

A
  1. Antibiotics - tetracycline, doxycycline (pill esophagitis)
  2. Oral contraceptives - block androgens
  3. Isotretinoin - teratogenic
19
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

Malassezia spp
Oval - round scaly patches with fine overlying scale
Hyperpigmented

20
Q

Where are melanocytes derived from?

A

Neural crest (dendritic cells)

21
Q

What is the ratio of melanocytes:keratinocytes

A

1:10

22
Q

What contributes to racial difference in skin color?

A

Size number and density of melanosomes - not number and density of melanocytes

23
Q

What can you used to determine “white” from hypopigmented?

A

Wood’s light

24
Q

Oculocutaneous Albinism

A

AD/AR - defect in tyrosinase - impaired melanin production

White - yellow/red hair w/ light/white skin

25
Q

Ephelides

A

Freckles

26
Q

Café au lait macules

A

Can be associated w/ Neurofibromatosis

27
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

AD - mutations in neurofibromin - 50% spontaneous

Cafe-au-lait macules
Axillary/inguinal freckling
Neurofibromas (adol/young adults)

28
Q

Solar Lentigo

A

Age spots, liver spots - sun exposed

Cheek, tops of hands, after sunburn

29
Q

What are triggers for psoriasis?

A
  1. Systemic corticosteroid withdrawal
  2. Beta blockers
  3. Lithium
  4. Anti-malarials
  5. Interferons
30
Q

What is the most common joint affected in psoriatic arthritis?

A

Asymmetric oligoarthritis particularly in knee

31
Q

What are other symptoms of Psoriatic arthritis?

A
  1. Sausage digits
  2. Flexure deformities
  3. Pencil-in-cup deformity
  4. Nail involvement
32
Q

Koebner phenomenon

A

Seen in psoriasis - lesions at sites of injury

33
Q

Auspitz sign

A

Seen in psoriasis - Pinpoint bleeding points when scale removed

34
Q

What are 2 topical corticosteroids you can use on the face/groin?

A

Hydrocortisone or desonide

35
Q

What are 2 topical corticosteroids you can use on the body?

A

Triamcinolone and hydrocortisone valerate

36
Q

What are 2 topical corticosteroids you can use on the hands and feet?

A

Clobetasol, fluocinonide

37
Q

What are topical treatments for Psoriasis?

A
  1. Topical steroids
  2. Vitamin D - Calcipotriene
  3. Topical retinoid - tazarotene
  4. Salicylic or lactic acid
  5. Coal tar
  6. Calcineurin inhibitors - tacrolimus
38
Q

What are systemic treatments for psoriasis?

A
  1. Phototherapy - narrowband UVA and UVB
  2. MTX
  3. Cyclosporine
  4. Acritretin
  5. TNF-alpha blockers
  6. IL-12/IL-23
39
Q

How do you treat Lichen Planus?

A
  1. Topical corticosteroids
  2. Topical calcineurin inhibitors
  3. NBUVB phototherapy
  4. Oral steroids
  5. Acitretin
  6. Mycophenolate mofetil
  7. MTX
40
Q

What are secondary problems associated with atopic dermatitis?

A
  1. Secondary staph infection

2. Widespread HSV infection - eczema herpeticum

41
Q

Management of atopic dermatitis?

A
  1. Topical corticosteroids and immunomodulators (tacrolimus)
  2. Antihistamines
  3. Bleach baths
  4. Phototherapy
  5. Systemics - avoid systemic steroids
  6. Gentle cleansers
42
Q

What 3 things contribute to pathogenesis for atopic dermatitis

A
  1. Barrier-disrupted skin
  2. Triggers - allergens, microbes, scratching
  3. Immune dysreg (Th2 acute, Th1 chronic)

Basics of Path (5 decks)

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