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Molecular Charter > Block 2 > Flashcards

Block 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Turning off expression without changing the code..

A

Epigenetics

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2
Q

Transcription factors are…

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Epigenetics

A

A change in the expression of a gene that changes the phenotype without permanently changing the gene itself. Typically involving changes in chromatin structure.

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4
Q

Euchromatin

A

loose and can actively transcribe

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5
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Dense packing of DNA, which makes it less accessible

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6
Q

HAT

A

histone acetyl transferase –> euchromatin

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7
Q

HDAC

A

histone deacetylase –> heterochromatin

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8
Q

Cis

A

Elements of DNA that are inactive without a protein bound. Do not have a fixed location, could be a promotor, enhancer, silencer.

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9
Q

Trans

A

Proteins that bind to cis-acting sequences. They can activate or repress transcription.

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10
Q

HIF-1a is hydroxylated the degraded by proteosomes when?

A

High oxygen

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11
Q

HIF-1a stabilized, moves to the nucleus and dimerizes with HIF-1B to activate multiple genes that enhance oxygen delivery to tissues and/ or energy supply via glycolysis when?

A

Low/ no oxygen

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12
Q

In a human cell and under normal atmospheric conditions, certain amino acids found on the HIF-1a peptide will hydroxylate by what enzyme?

A

Prolylhydroxylase complex

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13
Q

What is the nucleosome core composed of?

A

2 molecules of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

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14
Q

Increases Gene Expression

A

enhancer

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15
Q

Why is DNA methylated in eukaryotes?

A

To form heterochromatin and keep genes in the region turned off

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16
Q

What neutralizes the charges on histones and loosens up interactions between histones and DNA?

A

Acetylation

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17
Q

Deacetylation

A

HDACs

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18
Q

Acetylation

A

HATS (loosen histones)

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19
Q

Methylation

A

add a CH3

20
Q

Dnmt3

A

responsible for de novo methylation of DNA

21
Q

Dnmt1

A

maintenance

22
Q

MeCP2

A

binding protein

23
Q

mSin3A

A

helps HDACs

24
Q

GR forms a dimer with?

A

Cortisol

25
Q

What influences differential splicing?

A

Proteins expressed differently in cells

26
Q

What happens to mRNA molecules with long poly-A tails?

A

Translated in the cytoplasm

27
Q

What happens with an mRNA molecule has only part of its poly-A tail?

A

Remains untranslated

28
Q

Unfertilized oocyte

A

5’ guanosine is not methylated and cannot be translated

29
Q

Fertilized Oocyte

A

5’ guanosine has 7- methyl and can be translated

30
Q

Oogenesis-
Oocyte growth:
Oocyte cleavage:

A

Oocyte growth: long poly-A tails and immediately translated

Oocyte cleavage: poly-As clipped off, translation blocked

31
Q

After Oocyte fertilization translation stops because?

A

Poly-A tails are removed

32
Q

After Oocyte fertilization translation begins because?

A

Long poly-A tails

33
Q

What does CPEB do?

A

Recruits maskin

34
Q

What does Progesterone do to CPEB?

A

Activates protein kinase that phosphorylates CPEB and maskin is released and translation can proceed

35
Q

What binds to initiate translation for interfering proteins?

A

PABP

36
Q

What is the function of Puf proteins when bound?

A

Inhibit translation (inhibit ribosome binding and inhibit a long poly-a tail)

37
Q

When GF is inactive it is bound to?

A

heat shock proteins

38
Q

Unfertilized eggs are hidden by ? and are not translated

A

RNPs

39
Q

At fertilization what releases the masking proteins to allow for translation?

A

ionic changes

40
Q

What is the function of IRES in eukaryotic mRNA?

A

It allows the translation of uncapped mRNA

41
Q

What does Bicoid protein bind to that inhibits translation?

A

Caudal mRNA

42
Q

Why is caudal mRNA less inhibited at the posterior end of the fruitfully?

A

Because there is less Bicoid protein

43
Q

Where is the most abundant spot of Bicoid protein in a fruitfully?

A

Anterior

44
Q

Function of Bicoid protein?

A

Inhibit translation

45
Q

Low iron

A

Transferrin receptor on

Ferritin expression off

46
Q

High iron

A

Transferrin receptor off

Ferritin expression on

47
Q

What is differential splicing?

A

RNA processing of PRIMARY transcripts which lead to the production of mRNAs which encode for DIFFERENT proteins.

Exons are spliced in certain ways that yield ALTERNATE mRNA transcripts.

Molecular Charter (5 decks)

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