Block 2 All

Question 1

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

Answer 1

In the mouth, with salivary amylase.

Question 2

What is the function of bile?

Answer 2

Emulsifies fats for digestion.

Question 3

What does the pancreas secrete for digestion?

Answer 3

Amylase, lipase, trypsin, and bicarbonate.

Question 4

What is the main site of nutrient absorption?

Answer 4

Small intestine.

Question 5

What enzyme breaks proteins into peptides in the stomach?

Answer 5

Pepsin.

Question 6

What are disaccharidases and where are they found?

Answer 6

Maltase, sucrase, lactase; in the small intestine.

Question 7

What is segmentation?

Answer 7

Back-and-forth mixing of food in the small intestine.

Question 8

What is peristalsis?

Answer 8

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the GI tract.

Question 9

What hormone stimulates bile release?

Answer 9

Cholecystokinin (CCK).

Question 10

What is the role of bicarbonate in digestion?

Answer 10

Neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine.

Question 11

Why do people with lactose intolerance feel bloated?

Answer 11

Undigested lactose ferments in the colon.

Question 12

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Answer 12

Speeds up nerve impulse transmission.

Question 13

What is a synapse?

Answer 13

The gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

Question 14

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 14

Controls coordination and balance.

Question 15

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 15

Maintains homeostasis and controls the pituitary gland.

Question 16

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 16

Impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier.

Question 17

What do motor neurons do?

Answer 17

Carry impulses from CNS to effectors.

Question 18

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

Answer 18

Sympathetic is ‘fight or flight’, parasympathetic is ‘rest and digest’.

Question 19

What is the role of neurotransmitters?

Answer 19

Transmit impulses across the synaptic gap.

Question 20

What is the central nervous system made of?

Answer 20

Brain and spinal cord.

Question 21

Where does integration of sensory input happen?

Answer 21

In interneurons of the CNS.

Question 22

What happens if the brainstem is damaged?

Answer 22

Vital functions like breathing and heartbeat may stop.

Question 23

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 23

Nephron.

Question 24

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

Answer 24

Glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule.

Question 25

Which hormone increases water reabsorption?

Answer 25

ADH.

Question 26

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption?

Answer 26

Aldosterone.

Question 27

Where is most glucose reabsorbed?

Answer 27

Proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 28

What are the three processes of urine formation?

Answer 28

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

Question 29

What is the role of the loop of Henle?

Answer 29

Establishes osmotic gradient for water reabsorption.

Question 30

What is the role of the collecting duct?

Answer 30

Concentrates urine under ADH influence.

Question 31

Why do diabetics urinate more?

Answer 31

Excess glucose causes osmotic diuresis.

Question 32

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus responsible for?

Answer 32

Detecting low BP and releasing renin.

Question 33

What does renin do?

Answer 33

Activates RAAS pathway to increase BP.

Question 34

How do kidneys regulate pH?

Answer 34

Excrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3-.

Question 35

Where does fertilization occur?

Answer 35

Fallopian tube.

Question 36

What triggers ovulation?

Answer 36

LH surge.

Question 37

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 37

Estrogen and progesterone.

Question 38

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Answer 38

Seminiferous tubules.

Question 39

What hormone maintains the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?

Answer 39

hCG.

Question 40

Compare oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

Answer 40

Oogenesis makes 1 ovum; spermatogenesis makes 4 sperm.

Question 41

What are polar bodies?

Answer 41

Small cells formed during oogenesis that usually degenerate.

Question 42

What happens to the endometrium if no fertilization occurs?

Answer 42

It is shed during menstruation.

Question 43

What hormone inhibits FSH and LH during pregnancy?

Answer 43

Progesterone.

Question 44

What is the role of the placenta?

Answer 44

Nutrient/waste exchange and hormone secretion.

Question 45

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 45

Features like breast development and facial hair.

Question 46

Where are sperm stored and matured?

Answer 46

In the epididymis.

Question 47

Label the nephron.

Answer 47

Include: glomerulus, PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct.

Question 48

Label a sperm cell.

Answer 48

Head, midpiece, tail; acrosome has enzymes, midpiece has mitochondria.

Question 49

Label the female reproductive system.

Answer 49

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina.

Question 50

Label a motor neuron.

Answer 50

Dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals.

Question 51

Label the digestive tract.

Answer 51

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

Question 52

What are the accessory organs of digestion?

Answer 52

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Question 53

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 53

Stores and concentrates bile.

Question 54

What protects the stomach lining from acid?

Answer 54

Mucus secreted by goblet cells.

Question 55

What are the six major processes of digestion?

Answer 55

Ingestion, propulsion, secretion, digestion, absorption, elimination.

Question 56

What does trypsin do?

Answer 56

Breaks proteins into smaller peptides in the small intestine.

Question 57

What is a reflex arc?

Answer 57

A fast, automatic response that bypasses the brain.

Question 58

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

Answer 58

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

Question 59

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 59

Relay center for sensory information.

Question 60

What part of the brain controls breathing and heart rate?

Answer 60

Medulla oblongata.

Question 61

How does the nervous system detect changes in the environment?

Answer 61

Via sensory receptors.

Question 62

What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 62

Regulates ion levels and pH.

Question 63

What happens to urine volume when ADH is inhibited?

Answer 63

Urine volume increases.

Question 64

What is glomerular filtration?

Answer 64

The movement of plasma from glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule.

Question 65

Why is the efferent arteriole narrower than the afferent?

Answer 65

To increase pressure for filtration.

Question 66

What are common causes of kidney failure?

Answer 66

Diabetes, high blood pressure, infections.

Question 67

What is the zona pellucida?

Answer 67

A glycoprotein layer around the oocyte that sperm must penetrate.

Question 68

What causes menstruation to begin?

Answer 68

Drop in estrogen and progesterone levels.

Question 69

What is the Graafian follicle?

Answer 69

A mature follicle ready to release an egg.

Question 70

What does FSH do in females?

Answer 70

Stimulates follicle growth.

Question 71

What is the role of LH in males?

Answer 71

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone.

Question 72

What does the prostate gland secrete?

Answer 72

Alkaline fluid to protect sperm in the acidic vagina.

Question 73

What hormone initiates puberty?

Answer 73

GnRH from the hypothalamus.

Question 74

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 74

Follicular, ovulation, luteal.

Question 75

How do the kidneys help regulate blood pressure?

Answer 75

By releasing renin and adjusting water/salt reabsorption.

Question 76

How does the menstrual cycle link to the ovarian cycle?

Answer 76

Hormones control both cycles simultaneously.

Question 77

What happens if the loop of Henle is damaged?

Answer 77

Urine cannot be concentrated effectively.

Question 78

What does the term 'homeostasis' mean?

Answer 78

Maintaining internal balance within the body.

Question 79

What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?

Answer 79

Increase surface area for absorption.

Question 80

Why does alcohol lead to dehydration?

Answer 80

It inhibits ADH, causing more water loss in urine.