digestion block 2

Question 1

What are the two main parts of the digestive system?

Answer 1

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and accessory organs.

Question 2

Where does the digestive tract start and end?

Answer 2

It starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.

Question 3

What are the key processes in digestion?

Answer 3

Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination.

Question 4

What is the function of the mouth in digestion?

Answer 4

Teeth perform mechanical digestion; saliva contains salivary amylase for chemical digestion of carbohydrates.

Question 5

What is peristalsis and where does it occur?

Answer 5

Peristalsis is the wave-like motion that moves food along the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Question 6

What happens in the stomach during digestion?

Answer 6

The stomach churns food, and pepsin and HCl begin protein digestion.

Question 7

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

Answer 7

It is the main site for digestion and absorption.

Question 8

What is the function of the large intestine?

Answer 8

It reabsorbs water and forms feces.

Question 9

What does the liver do?

Answer 9

It produces bile, stores glycogen, and detoxifies substances.

Question 10

What is the role of the gallbladder?

Answer 10

It stores and concentrates bile.

Question 11

What does the pancreas contribute to digestion?

Answer 11

It produces enzymes and bicarbonate for the small intestine.

Question 12

What are the six stages of digestion?

Answer 12

Ingestion, propulsion, secretion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

Question 13

What is the function of amylase?

Answer 13

It breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Question 14

Where is salivary amylase active?

Answer 14

In the mouth.

Question 15

Where does pancreatic amylase act?

Answer 15

In the small intestine.

Question 16

What are proteases and where are they found?

Answer 16

They break down proteins into peptides and amino acids. Found in stomach (pepsin), pancreas (trypsin, chymotrypsin), and intestinal wall (aminopeptidase).

Question 17

What does lipase do?

Answer 17

It breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 18

What is the function of maltase?

Answer 18

It breaks down maltose into glucose.

Question 19

What is the function of sucrase?

Answer 19

It breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Question 20

What is the function of lactase?

Answer 20

It breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

Question 21

What is GI motility?

Answer 21

The movement and mixing of food in the digestive tract.

Question 22

What is segmentation and where does it occur?

Answer 22

Back-and-forth mixing, mostly in the small intestine.

Question 23

What is mass movement and where does it occur?

Answer 23

It occurs in the large intestine and moves feces towards the rectum.

Question 24

What begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?

Answer 24

Salivary amylase.

Question 25

What activates pepsin in the stomach?

Answer 25

Pepsinogen from chief cells and HCl from parietal cells.

Question 26

What protects the stomach lining?

Answer 26

Mucous.

Question 27

Where are nutrients absorbed?

Answer 27

In the small intestine.

Question 28

How are lipids absorbed?

Answer 28

Into lacteals and converted to chylomicrons.

Question 29

What does the large intestine absorb?

Answer 29

Water and vitamins.

Question 30

How is glucose used after absorption?

Answer 30

For ATP production or stored as glycogen in liver and muscles.

Question 31

What happens to absorbed amino acids?

Answer 31

Used for protein synthesis or energy.

Question 32

How are lipids transported after absorption?

Answer 32

As chylomicrons through the lymphatic system to be used or stored.

Question 33

What is the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 33

A vein that carries absorbed nutrients from the intestine to the liver.

Question 34

What are four functions of the liver?

Answer 34

Bile production, detoxification, glycogen storage, and plasma protein synthesis.

Question 35

What does the enteric nervous system do?

Answer 35

Controls smooth muscle contractions and secretions in the digestive system.

Question 36

What does gastrin do?

Answer 36

Stimulates stomach acid production.

Question 37

What does secretin do?

Answer 37

Stimulates bicarbonate release from the pancreas.

Question 38

What does CCK do?

Answer 38

Stimulates bile and enzyme release.

Question 39

What is shown in a diagram of peristalsis and muscle layers?

Answer 39

Wave-like contractions moving food along the digestive tract.

Question 40

What would a digestive enzyme chart show?

Answer 40

Enzymes, their sources, and the substrates they act upon.

Question 41

What would a diagram of pancreatic enzymes and their actions show?

Answer 41

The enzymes secreted by the pancreas and the macromolecules they digest.

Question 42

What would a nutrient absorption diagram illustrate?

Answer 42

The routes and metabolic fates of glucose, amino acids, and lipids.

Question 43

What would happen if the epiglottis failed to function during swallowing?

Answer 43

Food could enter the trachea, leading to choking or aspiration.

Question 44

Why is the small intestine so long and folded with villi and microvilli?

Answer 44

To increase surface area for maximum nutrient absorption.

Question 45

What part of the digestive system has no digestive enzymes but absorbs water?

Answer 45

Large intestine.

Question 46

What are lacteals and what do they absorb?

Answer 46

They are lymphatic vessels in the villi of the small intestine that absorb lipids.

Question 47

What organ detoxifies drugs and alcohol?

Answer 47

The liver.

Question 48

Why is pepsin only active in the stomach?

Answer 48

It requires an acidic pH to function, which is provided by HCl in the stomach.

Question 49

What would happen if a person lacks the enzyme lactase?

Answer 49

They would be lactose intolerant and unable to properly digest milk sugar.

Question 50

How does bicarbonate from the pancreas help digestion?

Answer 50

It neutralizes stomach acid entering the small intestine.

Question 51

What triggers the release of gastrin?

Answer 51

The presence of food in the stomach.

Question 52

How do secretin and CCK work together in the small intestine?

Answer 52

Secretin releases bicarbonate; CCK releases bile and enzymes to digest fats.

Question 53

What would happen if the enteric nervous system stopped functioning?

Answer 53

Motility and secretions in the GI tract would be impaired.

Question 54

Label a diagram of the digestive system from mouth to anus.

Answer 54

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

Question 55

Label the organs shown in a peristalsis diagram and describe the direction of movement.

Answer 55

Organs involved: esophagus, stomach, intestines. Movement is wave-like and downward.

Question 56

Identify the origin and target of each pancreatic enzyme on a digestive enzyme flowchart.

Answer 56

Pancreatic amylase (carbs), trypsin/chymotrypsin (proteins), lipase (fats) - act in small intestine.

Question 57

In a nutrient absorption diagram, identify where glucose, amino acids, and lipids go after absorption.

Answer 57

Glucose and amino acids -> blood. Lipids -> lacteals/lymph.

Question 58

From a diagram of the intestinal wall, label the villi and explain their role.

Answer 58

Villi increase surface area for absorption.

Question 59

If someone had their gallbladder removed, how would digestion be affected?

Answer 59

Bile would still be made by the liver but not stored, leading to less efficient fat digestion.

Question 60

What would be the impact of blocked pancreatic ducts?

Answer 60

Digestive enzymes wouldn't reach the small intestine, impairing digestion.

Question 61

Why might someone experience nutrient deficiencies after a small intestine surgery?

Answer 61

Because the small intestine is the main site of nutrient absorption.