Block 2 - Concepts & Theories of Development Flashcards
(26 cards)
What defines Global North countries?
Countries with higher income, mostly in the northern hemisphere.
What defines Global South countries?
Countries with lower income, mostly in the southern hemisphere.
What is Development?
A positive change including equality, higher living standards, elimination of poverty, rising income, and economic independence.
What are the intellectual roots of Development?
European Enlightenment (18th century) focusing on progress, rationalism, and modernity.
When was the World Bank established and what was its initial focus?
Established in 1944, initially focused on reconstruction after WWII.
What does the International Monetary Fund (IMF) do?
Secures international monetary systems and helps countries with balance-of-payments stability.
What is Developmentalist colonialism?
Colonial powers used development funds to control and manage colonies economically.
What does Modernization theory propose?
Societies progress through stages towards modernity, Western societies represent modernity.
What is Structuralism in development?
Global economy divided into strong centre and weak periphery, underdevelopment is structural.
What happened in the 1970s relevant to development?
Oil crises led to borrowing by Global South countries and a focus on redistribution and basic needs by some organizations.
What is neoliberalism in the context of development?
A philosophy advocating free-market capitalism, minimal government intervention, and individual responsibility.
What were Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPS)?
Financial assistance with conditions to reduce state socio-economic activity and promote market participation.
Who experienced the East Asian Miracle?
Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.
What shift occurred in the 1990s regarding development?
Hegemony of neoliberalism with critiques on SAPs and focus on local engagement and poverty reduction.
What are the main stages in Rostow’s Modernization Theory?
Traditional society, Preconditions to take-off, Take-off, Drive to maturity, Age of mass consumption.
What does dependency theory critique?
It critiques international capitalism and how development in the North depends on underdevelopment in the South.
What is the role of International Organizations?
Actors in world politics that shape compliance and international cooperation.
What are the main bodies of the United Nations?
General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, International Court of Justice, Trusteeship Council.
What is the Brundtland Report?
A 1987 report linking development and environment with concepts like intergenerational justice.
What are the Sustainable Development Goals?
17 goals and 169 targets building on Millennium Development Goals for multi-dimensional development.
What does Post-development critique?
It rejects the concept of development as a Western ideology that increased inequality and environmental destruction.
What is Ecologically Unequal Exchange?
The concept that material flows from poor to rich countries are not accounted for in monetary terms, reinforcing inequality.
What were the effects of the early 1980s global recession on the Global South?
A decline in foreign direct investment, higher commodity prices, reduced exports, and ultimately a major debt crisis in the Global South.
What is neoliberalism and how does it promote development?
Neoliberalism promotes free markets and minimal state intervention, aiming for growth through privatisation and trade liberalisation.
