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Pharmacology > block 2 SG+ slides > Flashcards

block 2 SG+ slides Flashcards

1
Q

bactericidal

eg.penicillins

A

antibacterials may kill the organism

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2
Q

bacteriostatic

eg. tetracyclines

A

retard the growth of the organism

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3
Q

Chemotherapeutic drugs

A

Drugs that work to kill or retard the growth

of cells. eg antimicrobial drugs, anticancer drugs

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4
Q

antimicrobial drugs

A
  • antibacterial
  • antifungal
  • antiprotozoal
  • antiviral
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5
Q

does antimicrobial drugs narrow or broad?

  • penicillin G- narrow(gram -
  • tetracyclines & cephalosporins- broad (+-)
A

they can have a narrow spectrum [effective against a limited range of organisms] of activity or broad spectrum [effective against a wide
range of species] of activity

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6
Q

four basic mechanisms of action by which antimicrobial agents can destroy or retard the growth of microbes
MOA

A

-Inhibit cell wall synthesis
-Alter cell membrane
permeability
-Inhibits protein synthesis
-Interfere with cellular
metabolism

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7
Q

what are cidal drugs?

A

Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis or disrupt the cell membrane

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8
Q

what are static drugs?

A

Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis or interfere with nucleic acid synthesis are

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9
Q

Common Adverse Effects of Antimicrobial Drugs

A
  • Allergic or hypersensitivity reactions
  • Superinfection
  • Organ toxicity
  • Diarrhoea
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10
Q

Allergic or Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

may be mild reactions which can be treated with antihistamines. Severe reactions (e.g. anaphylactic shock) will occur within 20 minutes and treatment will involve adrenaline (epinephrine), bronchodilators and antihistamines.

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11
Q

Superinfection or Opportunistic Infections

A

secondary infection that occurs when the normal microbial flora of the body is disturbed during antibiotic therapy. eg. Candida albicans, staphylococci and pseudomonas

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12
Q

Organ Toxicity

A

Liver and kidney are involved in metabolism and elimination hence antimicrobial may result in damage in these organs. eg colitis( inflamed colon)

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13
Q

Principles of antimicrobial therapy

A
  1. Identify if infection is ‘real’.
  2. Take appropriate specimens.
  3. Are drugs necessary?
  4. Need for urgent therapy before lab results are known?
  5. Use appropriate drug, dose and route of administration.
  6. Monitor success of therapy.
  7. Combinations of antimicrobials to be used?
  8. Can use antibiotics prophylactically occasionally e.g. isoniazid in TB, doxycycline in malaria prophylaxis.
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14
Q

Antimicrobial resistance

A

Microorganisms can develop resistance to antibiotics by mutating existing genes or by acquiring new genes from other strains or species.
-threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi

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15
Q

Antimicrobial resistance

A

Resistance to bacteria
– e.g. K. pneumoniae, E.coli,
S. aureus

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16
Q

Antimicrobial resistance

A

Resistance in conditions

– e.g. malaria, TB, HIV, influenza

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17
Q

how does antibiotic resistance occur?

A

naturally over time, but the
misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals has accelerated
the process.

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18
Q

what is Acquired resistance ?

A

when the organism develops resistance to the drug

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19
Q

what are Antibiotics?

A

a substance produced by a microorganism that
is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of
other microorganisms

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20
Q

Antibiotics MOA

A
  • mode of action varies - e.g. inhibit cell wall synthesis; inhibit protein synthesis etc
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21
Q

Penicillins drugs

A

– penicillin, amoxicillin, flucloxacillin, Augmentin

22
Q

Cephalosporins drugs

A

cefalexin, cefaclor, cefuroxime,

23
Q

Aminoglycosides drugs

A

gentamicin, neomycin

24
Q

Macrolides drugs

A

– erythromycin, clarithromycin,

azithromycin

25
Q

Tetracyclines drugs

A

doxycycline, tetracycline

26
Q

Quinolones drugs

A

ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin

27
Q

what does penicillins contain?

A

-lactam ring which inhibits formation of peptidoglycan crosslinks in bacterial cell walls

28
Q

Resistance

A

usually the result of production of penicillinase (also termed B-lactamase) an enzyme released by some bacteria which destroys the B-
lactam ring.

29
Q

Penicillin G

A

-narrow spectrum
-very unsatable acid stability
not penicillinase resistant

30
Q

Penicillin V

A
  • narrow
  • relatively stable
  • no
31
Q

ampicillin

A
  • broad
  • stable
  • no
32
Q

amoxicillin

A
  • broad
  • stable
  • no
33
Q

flucloxacillin

A
  • narrow
  • relatively stable
  • yes
34
Q

Tetracyclines

eg. doxycycline, tetracycline

A

broad spectrum and bacteriostatic and work by binding to the smaller ribosomal subunit thereby interfering with protein synthesis.

35
Q

Tetracyclines adverse effect

A

GI upset, superinfection, renal impairment, discolouration and deformity in growing teeth and bones.

36
Q

Aminoglycosides

eg. gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin.

A

bactericidal and their mode of action is causing

misreading of the mRNA by the ribosome and this means that abnormal protein production occurs

37
Q

Aminoglycosides adverse effects

A

nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.

38
Q

Quinolones

Examples: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics and bacteriostatic. They work

by inhibiting DNA synthesis of the bacteria, thereby retarding its growth.

39
Q

Quinolones adverse effects

A

GI disturbances, rash, headache, dizziness

and superinfections.

40
Q

antiseptics use

A

killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on human beings and the use of metronidazole, an antiprotozoal, used in the treatment of giardiasis.

41
Q

how are antiseptics classified?

A

according to their mode of action which is usually

chemical in nature

42
Q

eg- Alcohols

A

Denatures the proteins in cells and can dissolve membrane lipids. eg; ethanol & isopronol

43
Q

Antiprotozoal drugs

A

used to treat or prevent infection caused by

microorganisms called protozoa.

44
Q

what is Giardiasis ?

A

one of the most common protozoal infections.

45
Q

symptoms of giardiasis

A

chronic diarrhoea, dehydration, nausea,

flatulence, abdominal pain, and weight loss.

46
Q

Treatment:

A
  • fluid and electrolyte replacement

- metronidazole.

47
Q

how does Metronidazole works?

A

enters the protozoal cell and interferes with DNA replication thereby killing the protozoa

48
Q

adverse effects of metronidazole

A

nausea, headaches,

abdominal cramping, a metallic taste in the mouth, and fatigue.

49
Q

Drug interactions:

A

With alcohol – nausea, abdominal cramps, headaches & flushing (disulfiram -like reaction)
Potentiates action of warfarin, phenytoin. Cimetidine may decrease the clearance of
metronidazole

50
Q

what is Antifungal?

A

a drug that is used to kill or

inactivate fungi and hence treat fungal (including yeast) infections

51
Q

Antifungal drugs

A
  • amphotericin B
  • azoles (clotrimazole, miconazole)
  • terbinafine
52
Q

Antiretroviral agents

A
  • zidovudine (AZT)
  • efavirenz
  • atazanavir
  • dolutegravir

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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