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Systems Neuroscience > Block 4 > Flashcards

Block 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What properties can neuromodulators effect?

A

-synaptic strength-
neuronal excitability
-circuit dynamics
which all shape behavioral states

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2
Q

How do neuromodulators effect the brain?

A

can have both diffuse, widespread effects and specific,
spatiotemporally precise effects

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3
Q

the effect any neurotransmitter has on behavior depends on what?

A

co transmission of other neurotransmitters/modulators

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4
Q

What does dopamine modulate?

A

Reward, saliency, uncertainty, invigoration

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5
Q

what does seratonin modulate?

A

impulsivity, harm aversion, anxious state, punishment, withdrawl.

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6
Q

what does Noradrenaline modulate?

A

exploration vs. exploitation, network reset, unexpected uncertainty

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7
Q

what does ACh modulate?

A

memory consolidation, attention, expected uncertainty

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8
Q

3 common characterisitics of Neuropeptides

A
  1. processed from precursor proteins and packaged into dense core vesicles
  2. they diffuse from their release site to act on distant neurons
  3. they act primarily on cells in the brain but can also act as signaling molecules in the periphery
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9
Q

how are neuropeptides secreted?

A

through dense core vesicles. usually paired w/ G protein coupled receptors. distance can be from nm to mm. Large dense core vesicles are not localized @ synapse. signaling is also spatiotemporal precise

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10
Q

upon what does neuromodulator release rely?

A

2 calcium sensors, Syn-1 and Syn-7

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11
Q

upon what does the duration of neuromodulator release rely?

A

calcium sensor Syn-1

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12
Q

Does the same neuropeptide function uniformally across the brian?

A

No, neuromodulatory neurons can be functionally heterogeneous and influence specific behaviors

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13
Q

Neuromodulatory receptors

A

usually signal through G-protein coupled receptors which give them the ability to affect gene transcription, the flow of ionos across the cell membrane and the secretion of substances from the cell

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14
Q

do neuromodulatory afferents primarly act on pre or post synaptic cells?

A

neuromodulatory afferents affect cellular signaling through both presynaptic and postsynaptic modifications!

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15
Q

How do neuromodulators affect synaptic properties?

A

can affect syn props in many different ways depending on how/where they signal!

They can increase or decrease synaptic strength through the addition or removal of receptors from the postsynaptic membrane

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16
Q

in what processes do neuromodulators play a role?

A

network development, migration, differentiation of axons, synapse formation, remodeling. They can also influence behavioral states by changing how a stimulus responds to a stimulus

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17
Q

how do neuromodulators effect individual neurons?

A

neuromodulators alter the excitability of neurons by changing conductances, distribution and expression and gating properties of ion channels

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18
Q

Oxytocin

A

love, sensory processing, locomotion initation, CPG modulation, social bonding, anxiolytic, analgesic, nocifensive, developmental, vocalization, learning and memory

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19
Q

Which parts of brain mediate Oxytocin in pain processing

A

Magnocellular (SON) vs. parvocellular (PVT) oxytocin (OT) signaling secretes OT to rest of brain and periphery through posterior pituitary

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20
Q

How does OT effect fear response?

A

small set of OT neurons (from PVN/SON) are involved in fear expression and their activation reduces contextual fear response

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21
Q

OT role in pain processing (PVN)

A

Astrocytes in amygdala express OT receptors and are activated by OT released from PVN. Astrocytes then release D-serine which helps reulgate emotional states in response to pain. (also synapses onto SON neurons)

Nature paper also says OT from PVT to periaqueductal gray is an analgesic

project to vlPAG. OT increases pain threshold ( a result of decreased LTP) at synapses connecting WDR and C-type fibers

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22
Q

OT role in pain processing (SON)

A

PVT OT neurons synapse onto SON neurons and WDR neurons in spinal cord. the release of OT onto WDR neurons decreases nociceptive processing and pain responses

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23
Q

OT in Pain processing overview

A
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24
Q

What is an internal state?

A

a centralized brain (+ body) state which integrates information about our external environment and internal physiological conditions to orchestrate appropriate behavioral and physiological responses.

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25
how can we tell what an animal's internal state is?
it's inferred from observations of an animal's overt behavior, systemic physiology, brain activity (LOF,GOF)
26
examples of internal states?
arousal, motivation, emotion, varying homeostatic needs
27
Are internal states mutually exclusive?
No, independent states are indepenedently controlled but can co-exist or compete with each other (e.g. hunger and fear)
28
Pleiotropy
each state influences multiple aspects of behavior and physiology in parallel, such as body temp, respiration, locomotion, sensory responsiveness
29
persistence
the ability of internal states to produce behavioral and physiological responses that outlast the termination of the stimulus that initiated the response
30
scalability
the ability of responses to scale with the magnitude of the stimulus
31
generalizability
the degree to which an internal state can produce responses to stimuli that are distinct from the original stimulus that elicited the response
32
valence
the positive or negative affect associated w/ that state
33
how to improve our understanding of an internal state
integrated multidimensional analyses including behavioral but also physiological measurements improvements in methods to classify behaviors and internal states. This will involve making more measurements make tools for behavior and neural recording, analysis dive deeper into how brain encodes internal states
34
how do we infer internal states?
measure behavior and manipulate experience. observe behaviora across multiple contexts. inducing need states observing motor transitions higher-order behavior multiple state interactions individual differences
35
Internal states can be controlled by....
discrete population of neurons some neurons in specific locations may promote states like hunger, arousal, dwelling, thirst
36
diverses organization of neural states
37
what is/are the proposed fabric of internal states?
neuromodulators! they can target neurons across the spatial extent of the brain but w/in target regions act at the scale of intracellular signaling
38
opposing brain states, mutually exclusive neuronal ensembles
39
Define attention
means by which we focus and amplify behaviorally relevant info at the expense of filtering out irrelevant ones.
40
objective of attention?
to maximize SNR
41
why do we need attention
to limit expensive neural activity. pools computational resources to process information we deem most important
42
Space based attention
attention directed to a location in space enhances neural responses and improves behavioral peformance
43
Feature-Based attention
attention can be direct to stuff. Stimuli w/ some physical similarity, features can be selected and enhanced by attention independently of their spatial location
44
Object-Based attention
attention can be directed to objects, defined as a coherent combination of parts
45
top Down attention
voluntary, endogenous
46
bottom-up attention
involuntary, exogenous
47
Attention Signature: Increased spike rate
Potential implication: increases output singal basically everywhere. LGN, V1, V2, V4, MT, IT, LIP, FEF, PFC
48
Attention Signature: increased gamma-band LFP power
increases locally synchrounous synaptic activity FEF,V4
49
Attention Signature: increased local gamma-band coherence
potentially increases signal efficacy at post synaptic targets FEF, V4, LIP
50
Attention Signature: increased cross-area gamma-band coherence
potentially facilitates long-range interactions by providing a common temporal reference frame. FEF/V4
51
Attention Signature: Decreased response variability
increases reliability of encoded information V4
52
Attention Signature: decreased low frequency synchrony
potentially reduces output redundancy by decreasing correlation V4
53
Attention Signature: decreased correlated noise at low freqs
potentially increases the sensitivity of pooled responses V4
54
Attention Signature: receptive field shift
potentially increases output signal by recruitng neurons MT, V4
55
Gaze + visual attention
gaze shifts occur in conjunction w/ shifts of visual attention. premotor theory of attention. sigs of attention and saccades ahre a lot of similarities. mechanism responsible for spatial attention and the mechanisms involved in programming saccades are the same, but that in the covert case, the eyes are blocked at a certain peripheral stage
56
How is spatial attention directed experimentally?
by stimulating FEF ( a ocularmotor area in PFC that is reciprocally connected to posterior visual areas)
57
Spike collision
58
what is the most prominent characteristic of FEF neurons projecting to V4?
Persistent activity during the delay period
59
what is a decision?
a decision is a deliberative process that results in the commitment to a categorical proposition can be thought of as a form of statistical inference Active process
60
what is an affordance?
how we perceive environment as ways to afford us our needs. "What might I do w/ this stimulus in this context"
61
which brain regions perform computations on sensory information in order to flexibly and adaptively control behavior?
PFC & parietal & insula & MTL
62
Dorsolateral PFC
action selection
63
orbitofrontal PFC
valuation
64
ventrolateral PFC
speech planning & action suppression
65
ventromedial PFC
choice selection & flexibility
66
Anterior Coingulate Cortex
motivation, affect, conflict monitoring, pain, anxiety, everything
67
How can PFC neurons handle all of these computaitons?
Mixed-selectivity. high dimensionality allows for differences in classifying things
68
how has decision making been studied to date?
Tasks -- largely based by response modality random dot motion in a receptive field. results in speed-accuracy tradeoff drift diffusion modeling -- signal detection theory
69
perceptual decision making
causal dissection of visual decision making circuit. DV in LIP: small effect on choice, modest effect on reaction time, not equivalent to added rightward motion. stim adds constant Momentary evidence in MT: stim adds cumulatively. relatively large effect on choice and RT. equivalent to added rightward motion
70
PFC has been reported to show what?
orientation selectivity as well as encoding changes of mind!
71
System 2
suppression of prepotent or disadvantageous responses flexible allocations of cognitive resources often in the face of conflict sensorymotor incongruence 1) conflict and error monitoring 2) post-outcome adjustment
72
Cognitive Control
frontal midline theta. is a process of expected outcomes
73
Gratton effect
post-outcome adjustment these are the experiments where the numbers were in the wrong place or the color of the word and the word is a color but they don't match. mediated in ACC
74
which neuropeptide affects reinforcement learning?
Dopamine!
75
among other things, dopaminergic VTA/NAcc neurons predict?
prediction errors!
76
Q learning equaitons
V(t) = V(t-1) + alpha*delta(t) delta(t) = R(t) - V(t-1) V: reward prediction // expectation delta: reward prediction error // 'suprise' R: actual reward alpha: learning rate, can be from zero to one
77
SARSA
state, action, response, state action Q(s,a) = Q(s,a) + alpha*[R-Q(s,a)] advantageous because it can incorporate a distribution of possible events
78
when does disributional learning work particularly well?
on risky tasks! because landscape of infrequent failures are represented
79
is there evidence of distributional learning in neurons?
Yes! optimistic and pessimistic neurons that match distributional temporal difference learning in vivo! Found in primate ACC
80
Predictive encoding
error between neuron representation and the external world are progressively reduced through the cortical hierarchy
81
general framework of predicitive coding
82
active inference
minimizing free energy. action and perception become a joint optimization problem
83
disease phenotypes of predicitve encoding?
yes, responsible for halluciantions in SCZ patients
84
what is social neuroscience?
Cognitive social neuroscience/psychology * social interactions, agency, empathy, morality, social prejudice and affiliations, individual biases, cooperation, etc. * E.g. what makes us social, how we navigate our social world, how we think about ourselves and others in a social context Neurobiology of social behavior * any communication or interaction of two members of a species * cooperative or competitive, these have been selected for through evolution to increase our chances of survival and reproductive fitness * E.g. mating, fighting, parental behavior, bonding, interacting, sociality (social group living), altruistic behavior, affiliative behavior, altruism (?)
85
Unique qualities of social behavior
1) complexity communication avenues/communication via multiple modalities (e.g. USVs, body language, olfactory cues, before a fight, etc). 2) sensory cues that are specific or unique to social behaviors (e.g. pheromones for mating, maternal olfactory cues after childbirth, etc). 3) dynamic information from a conspecific that is also making its own decisions simultaneously, i.e. behavior of one animal depends on/is altered by behavior of the other animal (e.g. males and females during mating) 4) modulation by changes in internal state, resulting from past social experiences (i.e., sensory social cues remain the same, but your state may have been altered due to prior experience, e.g. attack behavior responses if you were/weren’t bullied
86
Social behaviors are _____, _____
dynamic (depend on 2 animals) modulated by internal states
87
Tell me about social circuits in the brain
distinct but overlapping. mating aggression studies (ESR1a+). Circuits are hard-wired but do maintain some degree of plasticity
88
what role does social history play upon behavior?
Social history impacts social behavior and circuits * Rank/Social hierarchy * Housing history/isolation * Early care Padilla-Coreano (U Florida)
89
New tech for social neuroscience
Future challenges for descriptive models of behavior. * Performance * Generalization * Interpretability * Long timescales * Level of Granularity * Interacting agents

Systems Neuroscience (5 decks)

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