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Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Phases of memory

A
  1. Acquisition (Encode)
  2. Consolidation (Store)
    • Consolidation can be divided (cellular/system)
  3. Retrieval
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2
Q

Squire (1987) Definition of Learning/Memory

A

“Learning is the process of acquiring new information, while memory refers to the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time”
(Squire, 1987)

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3
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 - 1909)

A

Forgetting curve w/ nonsense syllables

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4
Q

Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949)

A

Puzzle boxes where animals learned through stimulus-response associations

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5
Q

Théodule Ribot (1839 - 1916)

A

Ribot’s law of retrograde amnesia:
older memories are more resistant to
disruption
● Habits are lost later than other forms
of memory

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6
Q

William James (1842 - 1910)

A

Idea of neural plasticity

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7
Q

Richard Semon (1859 - 1918)

A

Defined the engram: “the
enduring though primary latent
modifications in the irritable
substance produced by a
stimulus” (Semon & Simon,
1921)

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8
Q

Karl Lashley (1890-1958)

A

Trained rats on mazes
● Lesioned cortex & examined
maze performance
● Concluded that extent not
location of lesion determined
behavioral impairment
● Failed to find the engram

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9
Q

Wilder Penfield (1891- 1976)

A

Mapped brain when performing
surgery on patients with epilepsy
● Stimulating temporal lobes could
prompt memory recall

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10
Q

H.M.

A

● Could not form memories of
experiences (anterograde amnesia)
● Remembered some memories from
his childhood (underwent surgery at
age 27) but lost many memories
(retrograde amnesia)
- Could still learn some tasks

Brenda Milner was caseworker

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11
Q

Which task allowed researchers to reproduce effects similar to HM in NHP?

A

delay non-match to sample (DNMS)

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12
Q

Triple Dissociation Experiments:
1. Win shift - find food, move to different arm.

A

requires an intact hippocampus.
Important for remembering relationships between stimuli

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13
Q

Triple Dissociation Experiments:
2. Conditioned Cue preference task - light arm was paired w/ food. allowed rats to explore paired and unpaired arms

A

requires intact amygdala
remembers info about stimulus-reward contingenceis in absence of response.

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14
Q

Triple Dissociation Experiments:
3. Win-Stay: 4/8 arms were lit. lit arms had food reward. food reward was replaced once after being found

A

requires an intact striatum
required for reinforced stimulus-response associations

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15
Q

Procedural Memories

A

“Knowing How”
studied using instrumental behavior

can divide into action/habit

begins action based but w/ repeated training becomes a habit

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16
Q

Episodic Memory

A

medial temporal lobe is involved

Events in spatiotemporal contexts

Hierarchal processing. has feedforward and feedback projections

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Procedural Learning (Chuck)

A
  • Motor chunking:
    complex skill acquisition
  • Habitual behaviors:
    stimulus-response associations
  • Goal-directed behaviors:
    action-outcome associations
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19
Q

Components of Basal Ganglia

A
  • Striatum
    – Dorsal Striatum
    – Caudate
    – Putamen
    – Ventral Striatum
    – Nucleus Accumbens
  • Globus Pallidus
    – External / Lateral
    – Internal / Medial
  • Subthalamic Nucleus
  • Substantia Nigra
    – SN pars Reticulata
    – SN pars Compacta
  • Ventral Tegmental Area
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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Dopamine (DA) drive Pathways

A
  • Nigrostriatal pathway
    – SNc to dorsal striatum / CPu
  • Mesolimbic pathway
    – VTA to ventral striatum / NA
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22
Q

Dopamine (DA) Drive Effect

A

Striatal DA modulates all thalamo-cortical loop classes
DA up-regulates D1-MSNs;
DA down-regulates D2-MSNs;
Both increase activity level
For action selection circuits to modulate behavior in both directions, they maintain a baseline DA level that only varies slightly and slowly: Tonic Dopamine

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23
Q

Phasic Dopamine

A
  • Unexpected reward triggers
    release by SNc & VTA
    – measured indirectly via cyclic
    voltammetry in striatum
  • Intrinsic reward for
    unconditioned stimulus
    – actual reward (food, sex)
  • Extrinsic reward for
    conditioned stimulus
    – neutral stimulus associated with
    an intrinsic reward (bell, $$$)
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24
Q

Reinforcement
Learning

A
  • Phasic DA feels great!
    – strengthens striatal synapses
    associated with selected action
  • Repeat a situation many times
    – Positive cues & correct responses
    reinforced with reward
    – Over time reinforced stimulus or
    response plan triggers phasic DA
  • Drugs of abuse associated with
    increased phasic DA drive
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25
Stimulus-Response Learning
Mediated by sensorimotor loops through Dorsal-Lateral Striatum (or Putamen) * Motor chunking and sensorimotor sequencing * Learned responses are egocentric, habitual. E.g., – always turn left at first intersection – keep pressing food lever, even after it has stopped working * Once habit is formed, DLS lesion does not make it go away
26
Action-Outcome Learning
* Mediated by associative loops through Dorsal-Medial Striatum (or Caudate) * Goal-Directed and/or problem- solving strategies, e.g., – Reinforcement learning: Phasic DA strengthens strategy selection, e.g.,  orienting at intersection to go north  finding water-maze platform in a new position every trial * If A-O behavior is over trained, it may drift into S-R behavior
27
Reversal Learning
* Goal-oriented learning: DMS – breaking a habit is, in many cases, an A-O riented learning task * Once a habit has formed, via DLS-mediated S-R learning, DMS-mediated A-O learning is necessary to reverse the habit – A-O processing readily enables learning despite probabilistic rewards and/or punishments * General: higher-level brain loops reshape the activity of lower-level brain loops
28
Implicit Memory Summary
Dopamine sourced from SNc & VTA to striatum Targets essentially all action selection loops Tonic dopamine maintains baseline activity level Phasic dopamine associated with unexpected reward Strengthens synaptic pathways of selected action Sensorimotor Learning: DLS, Stimulus-Response Reinforcement drives habituation, egocentric Associative Learning: DMS, Action-Outcome Reinforcement drives cognitive learning & more strategic problem-solving approaches Reversal Learning: DMS A-O necessary to unlearn DLS S-R
29
30
O'Keefe and Dostrovsky (1971)
Hippocampal place cells. This is allosteric representation (meaning more abstract and based on animal's relative position)
31
Remapping
Global remapping -- all cells fires in different place in different context Partial remapping -- some cells map differently in different context rate remapping -- remapping is based on firing rate and not physical location of firing
32
Hippocampal replay
non-local coding during awake stopping periods
33
Dopamine regulation of D1- and D2- MSNs
DA upregulates D1-MSNs. increases activity and motivates action selection DA down regulates D2-MSNs. decreases inhibition Both increase activity level that lead to action selection.
34
-expansion/divergence of inputs -feedback and lateral inhibition -sparse connectivity between inputs to dentate granule cells
35
Entorhinal Cortex to Dentate gyrus connectivity?
Feedforward w/ expansion of 1:5
36
What is the evidence for pattern separation in DG?
37
CA3 anatomy
38
CA3 encoding
39
CA3 Retrieval
40
Auto-associative CA3 circuit leads to what kind of network?
Stable (fixed-point) attractor network
41
Where in the brain are grid cells found?
Medial entrorhinal Cortex
42
How does grid cell location in MEC relate to shape of grid?
Spatial periodicity of grid cells changes along the DV axis of MEC. (dorsal has points closer together)
43
what circuit motif allows grid cell formation?
structured lateral inhibition
44
How do we get from grid cells to place cells?
feedforward linear integration
45
Little Albert Fear Conditioning Experiment
Paired adversie sound w/ white rat. Baby generalized fearful response to anything white/fluffy
46
Delayed Stimulus Pairing
47
Trace Stimulus Pairing
48
Simultaneous Stimulus Pairing
49
Backward Stimulus Pairing
50
In a fear acquisition curve, what controls the asymptote and rate of acquisition?
Asymptote: Controlled by strength of stimulus/intensity of US (gamma) Rate: controlled by saliency of CS (alpha)
51
Fear Circuit ( a brief overview)
52
Modality specific retrograde amnesia
either 1, 7, 14, or 28 days after fear conditioning, the hippocampus was lesioned. then 7 days after lesion fear conditioning was tested. animals lesioned 1 day later didn't exhibit context fear, but did 28 days later. All animals did have tone fear conditioning
53
Consolidation
54
What brain region stores remote contextual memories?
ACC anterior cingulate cortex. although CA1 does seem to remain important for recall...
55
Fear Extinction Curve
56
FEAR RENEWAL:
Fear Recovers due to a shift out of the extinction context This reveals that extinction is new learning that competes with the original fear memory The context disambiguates the meaning of the cue
57
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY:
Fear recovers after extinction due to an increase in time (“incubation”)
58
REINSTATEMENT :
Fear recovers after extinction due to re-exposure to the shock
59
Basal ganglia does what kind of memory?
non-declarative
60
Basal Ganglia: movement
selects particular movement triggers, initiation, terminates scales amplitude, speed, force
61
Basal Ganglia: motivation
drives ideation/cognitive focus modulates emotional response slows impulses or obsessions, compulsions and addictions
62
What type of transmission do MSNs do?
GABAergic
63
Action selection via disinhibition (Direct pathway)
1) Striatal afferents activate normally quiet D1 MSNs (Striatal afferents are excitatory D1-MSNs are inhibitory) 2) D1-MSNs then inhibit SNr and GPi which are usually active (they are GABAergic and wash thalamus in GABA) 3) silenced output neurons stop inhibiting a select pathway in thalamus and selects that action
64
Action Inhibition via disinhibition (Indirect Pathway)
1) cortex activates normally unactive D2-MSNs 2) D2-MSNs broadly inhibit typically active GABAergic GPe cells 3) GPe broadly inhibits GPi and SNr 4) GPi/SNr inhibits thalamus. (GPe cells that disinhibited GPi/SNr lead to pathways of increased inhibition in thalamus) GPe also inhibits STN. STN is excitatory and stimulates GPi/SNr. So inhibited STN leads to less excitatory drive. So when GPe inhibition is turned off by D2-MSNs, STN stimulates GPi/SNr more which leads to increased inhibition of thalamus
65
action inhibition w/ STN
66
Center-Surround
Direct pathway -- focal action selection Indirect Pathway -- diffuse action suppression Together: center-surround detection.
67
Center Surround NHP
NHPs trained on value of glyphs. Saccade preferentially to high value glyphs During fixation, glyph value in RF drives rate change: -- correlated in caudate -- anticorrelated in SNr

Systems Neuroscience (5 decks)

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