Block 4 Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
The airways are used for airway conduction. Which of the following structures are associated with the airways?
a) Nasal cavities
b) Pharynx
c) Larynx
d) Trachea and bronchial tree
e) all of the above
A
e) all of the above
2
Q
What organ is responsible for gas exchange?
A
Lungs
3
Q
What is the associated structure to the lungs that assist in gas exchange?
a) Bronchioles
b) Capillaries
c) Pleural sacs
A
c) Pleural sacs
4
Q
What is the structure located midline between the external nares?
a) Alar fold
b) Nostril
c) Nose pad
d) Philtrum
A
d) Philtrum
5
Q
Caudal ventral passage from the nasal cavity into the pharynx
A
Choana
6
Q
What number on the picture correlates with the ventral nasal concha?
A
2 - Ventral nasal concha
7
Q
What number correlates on the picture with the dorsal nasal concha?
A
3 - Dorsal nasal concha
8
Q
The olfactory mucosa is responsible for sense of smell. It is located on the ethmoconchae. What number correlates to that structure?
A
4) Ethmoconchae
9
Q
What number correlates with the hard palate?
A
6 - Hard palate
10
Q
What number correlates with the vomer (resected)?
A
7 - Vomer
11
Q
Cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavities
A
Paranasal sinuses
12
Q
What is the landmark for the entrance to maxillary recess?
A
Carnassial tooth
13
Q
What are the names of structures on the image?
A
Top - Frontal sinus
Bottom - Maxillary recess
14
Q
The pharynx is the crossroad between what?
A
Respiratory and digestive ways
15
Q
What structure is placed ventrally to the soft palate?
A
Oropharynx
16
Q
What is the oral limit of the oropharynx?
A
Palatoglossal arches
17
Q
What is the major caudal limit of the oropharynx?
A
Base of epiglottis
18
Q
What structure is placed dorsally to the soft palate?
A
Nasopharynx
19
Q
What is the oral limit of the nasopharynx?
A
Choanae
20
Q
What is the major caudal limit of the nasopharynx?
A
Free border of soft palate
21
Q
What structure is placed dorsally to the larynx?
A
Laryngopharynx
22
Q
What is the major oral limit of the laryngopharynx?
A
Free border of the soft palate
23
Q
What is the caudal limit of the laryngopharynx?
A
Pharyngoesophageal limen
24
Q
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
A
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx
25
What structure is responsible for coughing, phonation, and preventing food aspiration?
Larynx
26
Ventral to the pharynx, suspended by the hyoid apparatus and attached to the trachea. What structure is described?
Larnyx
27
What are the 4 cartilages that make up the larynx? Which one is paired?
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Arytenoid - PAIRED
Cricoid
28
What is the most narrow segment of the larynx which can be closed?
Glottis
29
Vocal folds and part of the arytenoid cartilages
Glottis
30
Space defined by the glottis
Rima glottidis
31
Located on the sagittal plane at the ventral aspect of the neck and centrally in the thoracic cavity
Trachea
32
Gas exchange occurs in the _________ where O2 and CO2 traverse the air-blood barrier
Alveoli
33
The left lung is divided into what lobes?
Cranial - which is further divided in cranial and caudal parts
Caudal lobe
34
What are the right lung lobes?
Cranial lobe
Middle lobe
Caudal lobe
Accessory lobe
35
The main circulation of lungs is divided into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins. Which structure is responsible for drainage?
Pulmonary veins
36
The pulmonary trunk is further divided into 2 pulmonary arteries who's main purpose is what?
Supply
37
Each lung is pushed into a closed invaginated sac filled with a bit of fluid called what?
Pleural cavity
38
What pleura adhere to the surface of the lung? What number on the diagram correlates with this structure?
4 - Visceral or pulmonary pleura
39
What pleura adhere to the inner wall of the thorax? What number correlates with this structure?
1, 2, 3 - Parietal pleura
40
What is the role of the pleura and pleural cavities?
To prevent surface of the lungs from rubbing against thoracic wall during breathing (think "engine oil")
41
What label marks the location of the olfactory mucosa?
4 - olfactory mucosa
42
Normal, quiet breathing
Eupnea
43
Increased breathing depth, frequency or both
Hyperpnea
44
Rapid, shallow breathing (ie panting)
Polypnea
45
O2 consumption and CO2 production vary with the ________ metabolism and metabolic rate
Basal
46
The metabolism rate of the resting animal, and is a function of metabolic body weight
Basal metabolism
47
Metabolic rate is dependent on the animals level of ______ and ______ _________
Metabolic rate is dependent on the animals level of *activity* and *physical condition*
48
VO2 max is ______ related to the total mass of _______ within the skeletal muscles
VO2 max is *directly* related to the total mass of *mitochondria* within the skeletal muscles
49
True or False
Gas exchange occurs in the conducting zone/anatomic dead space. Explain answer.
FALSE
Gas exchange does NOT occur in these pathways.
Conducting zone brings air into and out of the respiratory zone FOR gas exchange but does not OCCUR there.
50
What structure is important to humidify, warm and filter the air before it reaches the gas exchange area?
Conducting Zone
51
What 7 structures are included in the conducting zone?
Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
52
The conducting zone, made up of the tracheobronchial tree, contain mucus secreting and ciliated cells which allow for what?
Filtering of small particles that enter the airway. They are swept upward by the rhythmic beating of the cilia.
53
The walls of the conducting airways contain smooth muscle and innervation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. In the case of the sympathetic system, what is the purpose of epinephrine?
It dilates the airways making it easier to breathe in flight/fight
54
The walls of the conducting airways contain smooth muscle and innervation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. In the case of the parasympathetic system, what is the purpose of Acetylcholine?
It constricts the airways to allow rest/digest
55
In what zone does gas exchange occur?
Respiratory zone
56
The respiratory zone includes what structures?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
57
Thin walled, pouch like evaginations of the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, alevolar ducts, and sacs that provide more surface area and are covered by capillaries
Alveoli
58
In the respiratory zone, the alveolar walls contain 2 types of _________ cells. What are they?
Epithelial; Pneumonocytes and macrophages
59
What type of pneumonocyte covers 95% of the alveolar surface? (It is extremely thin, efficient for gas exchange between the alveolus and pulmonary capillaries.)
Type 1 pneumonocyte
60
This pneumonocyte synthesizes pulmonary surfactant to reduce surface tension of alveoli and prevent it from collapsing.
Type II Pneumonocyte
61
What pneumonocyte secretes cytokines?
Type II pneumonocyte
62
First line of defense against invading respiratory pathogens and remove inhaled particles from the alveolus.
Macrophages
63
What respiratory structures DO NOT have cilia?
Alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
64
What part of the respiratory contain cartilage?
a) Trachea
b) Bronchi
c) Bronchioles
d) Alevoli
e) a and b
f) all of the above
e) a and b
65
What respiratory structure contains no smooth muscle, cilia or cartilage?
Alveolar sacs
66
Respiration consists of 4 distinct processes:
1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. Pulmonary gas exchange
3. Gas transport
4. Peripheral gas exchange
67
What two structures promote pulmonary ventilation?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
68
Pulmonary gas exchange is diffusion of gases from the ________ to the ________ of the pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary gas exchange is diffusion of gases from the *alveoli* to the *blood* of the pulmonary capillaries
69
Peripheral gas exchange is diffusion of ______ from the ______ of the _______ ________ to the cells.
Peripheral gas exchange is diffusion of *gases* from the *blood* of the *Systemic capillaries* to the cells.
70
Respiratory pressure is always described relative to ________ _______
Respiratory pressure is always described relative to *atmospheric pressure*
71
Inhalation requires active contraction of what structures?
a) Diaphragm
b) External intercostal muscles
c) Abductor muscles attached to external nares, pharynx and larynx
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
72
Inhalation _______ intrapulmonary volume and _______ pressure (air inhaled)
(blanks: increase or decrease?)
Inhalation *increases* intrapulmonary volume and *decreases* pressure (air inhaled)
73
Exhalation _______ intrapulmonary volume and _______ pressure (air exhaled)
(blanks: increase or decrease?)
Exhalation *decreases* intrapulmonary volume and *increases* pressure (air exhaled)
74
In inhalation the diaphragm __________ and moves down. In Exhalation, the diaphragm _______ and moves up.
In inhalation the diaphragm *contracts* and moves down. In exhalation, the diaphragm *relaxes* and moves up.
75
What is the major nonelastic source of resistance to airflow
Frictional resistance
76
Resistance is determined primarily by the ______ of the airways.
Resistance is determined primarily by the *radius* of the airways
77
Compliance is determined by what 2 main factors?
Distensibility and surface tension of the alveoli
78
True or False
Surfactanct helps increase the surface tension to keep alveoli from collapsing
FALSE
Surfactant reduces the surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing
79
True or False
The high velocity turbulent airflow in the trachea and bronchi produces the lung sounds heard through a stethoscope.
Low velocity flow in bronchioles produce NO sound.
True
80
Pulmonary arteries carry _______ blood from the ______ ventricle to the pulmonary ________ where it becomes ______ and returns to the left side of the heart in pulmonary ______
Pulmonary arteries carry *deoxygenated* blood from the *right* ventricle to the pulmonary *capillaries* where it becomes *oxygenated* and returns to the left side of the heart in pulmonary *veins*
81
What circulation provides a nutritional blood supply to airways and other structures within the lungs?
Bronchial circulation
82
Bronchial arteries carry _______ blood and veins carry ______ blood
Bronchial arteries carry *oxygenated* blood and veins carry *deoxygenated* blood
83
In bipedal animals, pulmonary circulation is _______ dependent, meaning blood flows _______ at the bottom of the lungs and ______ at the top of the lungs.
In bipedal animals, pulmonary circulation is *gravity* dependent, meaning blood flows *highest* at the bottom of the lungs and *lowest* at the top of the lungs
84
In quadruped animals, blood flow is distributed to the __________ region of the lungs
caudodorsal
85
The ability to regulate blood flow depends on the presence of _______ _______ in the walls of small pulmonary arteries
The ability to regulate blood flow depends on the presence of *smooth muscle* in the walls of small pulmonary arteries
86
Pulmonary veins have _____ walls and they conduct oxygenated blood from pulmonary capillaries to the ______ ______
Pulmonary veins have *thin* walls and they conduct oxygenated blood from the pulmonary capillaries to the *left atrium*
87
Blood within the pulmonary veins serves as a reservoir for blood for the ______ heart.
Blood within the pulmonary veins serves as a reservoir for blood for the *left* heart
88
True or False
Gas exchange can NOT occur if an alveolus receives blood but no ventilation or vice verse. (Ventilation-perfusion mismatch)
True
89
Which of the following are reasons for uneven ventilation?
a) Pulmonary edema
b) Airway obstruction
c) Recumbency
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
90
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of small pulmonary arteries is beneficial when there is localized _______ hypoxia to reduce the pulmonary shunt
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of small pulmonary arteries is beneficial when there is localized *alveolar* hypoxia to reduce the pulmonary shunt
91
Generalized pulmonary hypoxia causes vasoconstriction which can increase pulmonary arterial pressure, this increases the work of the _______ ventricle and leads to ______ sided heart failure.
Generalized pulmonary hypoxia causes vasoconstriction with an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure, this increases the work of the *right* ventricle and leads to *right* sided heart failure
92
An acid is a proton ______
An acid is a proton *donor*
93
A base is a proton ______
A base is a proton *acceptor*
94
Strong acids dissociate quickly in a solution ______ large amounts of H+
Strong acids dissociate quickly in a solution *releasing* large amounts of H+
95
Strong bases react very quickly with H+ _______ it from a solution.
Strong bases react very quickly with H+ *releasing* it from a solution
96
A weak ______ only partially dissociates in an aqueous solution. A weak _____ does not fully ionize in an aqueous solution.
A weak *acid* only partially dissociates in an aqueous solution.
A weak *base* does not fully ionize in an aqueous solution
97
True or False
Most of the acids and bases involved in acid-base balance homeostasis are strong
FALSE
Most of the acids and bases involved in the acid base balance are WEAK
98
True or False
Difference between activity and concentration of H+ is not significant in body fluids
True
99
Acidity is related to ___ concentration
Acidity is related to *H+* concentration
100
What is the normal extracellular fluid concentration of H+?
a) 40 nEq/L (0.00000004 N)
b) 20 nEq/L
c) 1nm
a) 40 nEq/L
101
What is the normal pH Of blood?
a) 7.45
b) 7.2
c) 7.4
d) 7.0
c) 7.4 (7.398)
102
True or False
Intracellular pH is slightly higher than blood
FALSE it is slightly lower than blood at 7.2
103
Why is hydrogen concentration expressed as a logarithmic function?
Because the concentration is VERY low yet powerful
104
True or False
There is an inverse relationship between pH and [H+], therefore the greater the H concentration, the lower the pH
True
105
If there is an increase in H+ concentration, there is a decrease in pH in the blood. This is referred to as ________
Acidemia
106
If there is a decrease in H+ concentration, there is an increase in pH In the blood. This is referred to as ______
Alkalemia
107
Acidemia is the decrease in blood pH below normal limits.
The hydrogen ion concentration is ______ normal limits
They hydrogen ion concentration is *above* normal limits
108
Alkalemia is the increase in blood pH above normal limits.
The hydrogen ion concentration is _____ normal limits
The hydrogen ion concentration is *below* normal limits
109
True or False
pH and [H+] vary linearly with one another
False
They vary exponentially
110
A change of one pH unit changes the [H+] by a factor of _____
A change in one pH unit changes the [H+] by a factor of *ten*
ie. a pH of 1 = [H+] of 0.1
111
What is the Law of Mass Action?
The velocity of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants
112
A buffer solution consists of a _____ acid and its conjugate base.
A buffer solution consists of a *weak* acid and its conjugate base
113
True or False
Buffers irreversibly bind H+ and prevent major changes in pH
FALSE
Buffers REVERSIBLY bind H+ and prevent major changes in pH
114
First line of defense to prevent major changes in blood pH
Blood buffers
115
What is the Isohydric principle?
Multiple buffers in the same solution are always in equilibrium
116
What is the buffer system used to monitor acid-base balance?
Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system
117
What are the physiological buffers?
a) Chemical buffer system
b) Lungs
c) Kidneys
d) B and C
e) all of the above
d) B and C
118
What are the three systems that regulate hydrogen ion concentration and pH in body fluids?
Chemical buffer system
Lungs
Kidneys
119
What must correct the hydrogen ion load against changes in blood pH?
a) Blood chemical buffer system
b) Lungs and kidneys
c) All of the above
b) Lungs and kidneys
While the blood chemical buffer system is the first line of defense against pH change, the lungs and kidneys ultimately correct the H+ load.
120
True or False
The chemical buffers act immediately to prevent changes in pH by adding or removing H+ to restore balance
False
The chemical buffers act immediately to prevent changes in pH by keeping them in control until the balance is restored by lungs/kidneys. They do not add or remove H+
121
Most important extracellular buffer in the body - buffers volatile acids (CO2)
a) Bicarbonate Buffer system
b) Phosphate Buffer system
c) Proteins
d) Ammonia buffer system
a) Bicarbonate buffer system
122
Important in kidneys and cytoplasm of cells - buffers nonvolatile acids that cannot be eliminated by respiration.
a) Bicarbonate Buffer system
b) Phosphate Buffer system
c) Proteins
d) Ammonia buffer system
b) Phosphate Buffer system
123
What protein group functions as weak acids?
a) Amine groups
b) Carboxyl groups
c) Ammonia groups
d) Phosphate groups
b) Carboxyl groups
124
What protein group functions as a weak base?
a) Amine groups
b) Carboxyl groups
c) Ammonia groups
d) Phosphate groups
a) amine groups
125
Proteins coupled with ________ buffer system and organic phosphates (ATP), can contribute to total body acid-base balance.
Proteins coupled with *phosphate* buffer system and organic phosphates (ATP) can contribute to total body acid-base balance
126
Proteins are plentiful in the body and due to their higher concentration within cells are important for _______ acid-base balance
Proteins are plentiful in the body and due to their higher concentration within cells are important for *intracellular* acid-base balance
127
Hemoglobin have a significant and rapid impact on blood acid-base balance. However, ________ has a higher buffer capacity as it has ______ affinity for H+
Hemoglobin have a significant and rapid impact on blood acid-base balance. However *deoxyhemoglobin* has a higher buffer capacity as it has a *higher* affinity for H+
128
What are the most important blood buffer systems?
Hemoglobin and bicarbonate buffer system
129
Hemoglobin can accommodate protons at 2 positions.
a) basic carboxyl groups
b) imidazole groups of histidine
c) Bond with iron of the heme group
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
130
What makes up 80% of the CO2 transport?
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
131
What is the most important chemical buffer system of the ECF?
a) Phosphate
b) Protein
c) Bicarbonate
d) Ammonia
c) Bicarbonate
132
True or False
The components of the bicarbonate buffer system can be independently regulated as they are an open system
True
133
True or False
CO2 can be excreted by the lungs but bicarbonate ions and H+ can not be excreted or reabsorbed.
False
CO2 can be excreted by the lungs and bicarbonate ions and H+ CAN be excreted or reabsorbed by the kidneys.
134
Carbonic acid is formed from the reaction between ______ and ______ yielding _______. This is an enzyme dependent reaction.
Carbonic acid is formed from the reaction between *CO2* and *H2O* yielding *H2CO3*
135
Bicarbonate is formed by the ________ of H2CO3 to H+ and HCO3.
Bicarbonate is formed by the *dissociation* of H2CO3 to H+ and HCO3
136
The bicarbonate buffer system is a reversible reaction called the _______ reaction
The bicarbonate buffer system is a reversible reaction called the *hydration* reaction.
137
What reaction is favored within erythrocytes?
Hydration reaction
138
The enzyme ______ ________ catalyzes the hydration reaction and is especially abundant in RBC's, walls of alveoli, and epithelial cells of the renal tubules.
The enzyme *carbonic anhydrase* catalyzes the hydration reaction and is especially abundant in RBC's, walls of alveoli, and epithelial cells of the renal tubules
139
In RBC's not all H+ are buffered, so venous blood has a _____ pH than arterial blood.
In RBC's not all H+ are buffered, so venous blood has a *lower* pH than arterial blood.
140
What is the weak acid in the phosphate buffer system?
Dyhydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-)
141
What is the conjugate base in the phosphate buffer system?
Monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4^-2)
142
Name each labeled part and identify ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon
Ascending --> Transverse --> Descending
143
Where is the caudal boundary of the oral cavity?
7 - Palatoglossal arch
144
Identify the structures in the image
1- vestibule
2- canine tooth
2'- philtrum
3- hard palate
4- soft palate
5- tongue
6- sublingual caruncle
7- palatoglossal arch
8- palatine tonsil
9- franulum
145
What are the two segments of the oral cavity?
Oral vestibule and oral cavity proper
146
What are the annexed organs in the mouth?
Tongue, salivary glands, and teeth
147
Name the structures in the photo
1- Apex
2- body
3- root
4- floor of oropharynx
5- vallate papilla
6- Fungiform
7- Palatoglossal arch
8- Palatine tonsil
9- Epiglottis
10- Frenulum
148
What are the three segments of the tongue
Base (root), body, and apex
149
What is the filiform papillae in cats? How is it different than dogs?
Keratinized, conical papillae
150
What are the salivary glands in dogs?
Parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic (specific for carnivores)
151
What is the dental formula for canines?
3-1-4-2
3-1-4-3
152
What numbers are the canine teeth?
104, 204, 304, 404
153
Label the parts of the pharynx
Oropharynx is near 2
Laryngopharynx is between 6 and 8
Nasopharynx is by 1
154
What are the three parts of the esophagus in order from highest (nearest the head) to lowest (nearest the chest)
Cervical, Thoracic, abdominal
155
What is the longest segment of the small intestine?
Jejunem
156
In dogs the ileum opens into what?
The ascending colon - ileocolonic orifice
157
What organ is twisted in dogs but small and coma shaped in cats?
Cecum
158
How many lobes of the the liver do dogs have?
Six
159
Label the six major lobes of the dog liver
Right lateral
Right medial
Left lateral
Left medial
Quadrate
Caudate
160
What are the two surfaces of the liver?
Parietal surface (in contact with diaphragm) - convex
Visceral surface (in contact w stomach and right kidney) - concave
161
What is the gall bladder located between?
Right medial and quadrate lobes of the liver
162
Identify the body of pancreas, left lobe of pancreas and right lobe of pancreas
Body is near number 3
Left lobe is near number 5
Right lobe is near number 4
163
What are the two ducts in the pancreas? Which one is inconstant in the dog
The pancreatic duct (inconstant in dog)
and accessory pancreatic duct
164
Equine dental formula
3-1-3(4)-3
3-1-3-3
165
Cattle dental formula
0-0-3-3
3-1-3-3
166
Identify the margo plicatus
4
167
Identify right vs left view
Identify compartments
1- reticulum
2- omasum
3- abomasum
4- rumen
168
What is considered the "true stomach" in ruminants as it most closely resembles the monogastric stomach?
Abomasum
169
Fermentation chamber of ruminant stomachs
Rumen
170
The rumen extends from the ______ to the ______ ______
The rumen extends from the cardia to the pelvic inlet
171
What structure in the bovine stomach has a honeycomb appearance?
Reticular mucosa
172
What chambers are found on the right side of the abdomen in ruminants?
The omasum and the abomasum
173
What chambers are found on the left side of the abdomen in ruminants?
The rumen and the reticulum
174
What chamber has the greater and lesser curvatures?
The omasum
175
Identify which GI tract belongs to which species
A- Dog
B- Horse
C- Cattle
176
In horses what is the first segment of the large intestine and where is it located?
Cecum, placed on the right side of the abdomen
177
What pancreatic duct do bovines have? What about sheep and goats?
Bovine have accessory pancreatic duct
Sheep and goats have pancreatic duct
178
Gram positive bacteria causing lumpy jaw in bovine
Actinomycosis (actinomyces bovis)
179
Gram negative bacteria causing wooden tongue in bovine
Actinobacillus lignieresii
180
A cow presents with an arched back, spontaneous grunting and abducted elbows. What disease is associated with these symptoms?
Hardware disease- Traumatic reticulo-peritonitis
181
What can happen if a foreign body migrates cranially in bovine?
Clinical signs of CHF
-Brisket edema
-Jugular vein distension
-Muffled heart sounds
-Tachynpnea, tachycardia
182
What diseases are related to the small intestine?
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
Intussusception
183
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome can be caused by what?
Clostridium Perfringens type A
Aspergillus fumigatus
184
If a bullseye is seen on ultrasound what disease process should be considered?
Intussusception
185
How is intussusception treated?
Enterectomy to surgically resect the affected intestinal segment
186
Cecal process in which there is distension but no twist
Cecal dilation
187
Cecal process in which there is rotation along the long axis
Cecal torsion
188
Cecal process in which there is dorsal or ventral dislocation
Cecal volvulus
189
If there is dorsal retroflexion what direction is the volvulus?
Clockwise
190
If there is ventral retroflexion what direction is the volvulus?
Counterclockwise
191
If there is a right ping in the right paralumbar fossa what should our differential be?
Simple dilation of the cecum
192
How can you tell if there is torsion or volvulus vs simple dilation?
Apex is not palpated if torsion or volvulus is present
