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BM 212: Introduction to Immunology > Block B Part 1: Innate Immune Cells, Cytokine Families and Routes of Infection > Flashcards

Block B Part 1: Innate Immune Cells, Cytokine Families and Routes of Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of an immune response to a pathogen?

A

Recognition of pathogen
Mounting a reaction against pathogen
Resolution of immune response (attack against the pathogen)
(Lecture 1, Slide 3)

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2
Q

What 3 cells do lymphoid progenitors differentiate into?

A

T cells, B cells and natural killer cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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3
Q

What 2 cells do myeloid progenitors directly differentiate into?

A

Mast cells and myeloblasts
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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4
Q

What 4 cells do myeloblasts directly differentiate into?

A

Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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5
Q

What 2 cells do monocytes directly differentiate into?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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6
Q

Are dendritic cells professional antigen presenting cells?

A

Yes
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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7
Q

How do immature dendritic cells become mature?

A

They enter tissues and mature after encountering a pathogen
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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8
Q

What do dendritic cells enforce?

A

Immune tolerance
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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9
Q

How do dendritic cells enforce immune tolerence?

A

They can silence self-reacting T cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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10
Q

What do dendritic cells orchestrate?

A

Antigen specific T-cell differentiation
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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11
Q

Are macrophages professional phagocytes?

A

Yes
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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12
Q

What do macrophages initiate through cytokine release?

A

Inflammation
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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13
Q

What do macrophage populations have based on tissue location?

A

Heterogeneity
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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14
Q

What does heterogeneity mean?

A

Diversity
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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15
Q

What 2 things do macrophages produce?

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (such as nitric oxide and superoxide) and defensins (antimicrobial peptides)
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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16
Q

What are the first white blood cells recruited to the site of inflammation?

A

Neutrophils
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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17
Q

What 3 cells are considered to be granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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18
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

White blood cells characterised by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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19
Q

What do neutrophils form through degranulation?

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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20
Q

What are neutrophils a major constituent of?

A

Pus
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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21
Q

Are natural killer cells group 1, 2 or 3 Innate Lymphocyte Cells (ILC)?

A

Group 1
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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22
Q

What is a group 1 Innate Lymphocyte Cell (ILC)?

A

Similar to helper cells and help fending off intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and they produce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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23
Q

What are the 3 functions of natural killer cells?

A

They kill virally infected cells
They have a role in detecting early signs of cancer
They are able to enhance the immune response by secreting cytokines
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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24
Q

What are eosinophils primarily responsible for attacking?

A

Larger parasites
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

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25
Q

What 2 things are basophils involved in?

A

Anti-parasite immunity and allergy response
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

26
Q

What 2 things do basophils release?

A

Histamine and IL-4
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

27
Q

What do cytokines mediate?

A

The effector functions of the immune system
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)

28
Q

What 3 features of an immune response do cytokines regulate?

A

The type, intensity and duration of the immune response
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)

29
Q

What are 2 ways that cytokines can be secreted?

A

Stimulation of the innate immune system or by T and B cells
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)

30
Q

What 3 aspects of a target cell can cytokines mediate?

A

Activation, proliferation and differentiation of target cells
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)

31
Q

What are the 6 cytokine families?

A

Class 1 (hematopoietin)
Class 2 (interferon)
Tumour Necrosis Factor
Interleukin 1
Interleukin 17
Chemokines
(Lecture 2, Slide 4)

32
Q

What 2 things are Class 2 (interferon) cytokines important for?

A

Antiviral responses and to modulate the immune response
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

33
Q

Is tumour necrosis factor soluble or membrane-bound?

A

It’s both
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

34
Q

What 3 things is tumour necrosis factor involved in?

A

Immune system development, effector function and homeostasis
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

35
Q

What does the interleukin 1 class of cytokines include?

A

Important inflammatory mediators
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)`

36
Q

What is the function of the interleukin 17 class of cytokines?

A

Promote neutrophil accumulation and activation
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

37
Q

What is the function of the chemokine class of cytokines?

A

They are Chemoattractants
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

38
Q

What 3 ways can cytokines act in?

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

39
Q

What is autocrine action?

A

A cytokine acting on the cell that produced it
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

40
Q

What is autocrine action used for?

A

To help regulate the cell’s own function or stimulate it’s own activity
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

41
Q

What is paracrine action?

A

When a cytokine produced by one cell affects a nearby cell
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

42
Q

What is paracrine action used for?

A

Local immune responses where cells nearby need to co-ordinate their efforts to deal with a problem
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

43
Q

What is endocrine action?

A

When a cytokine produced by one cell affects a distant cell
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

44
Q

Some cytokines are pleiotropic - what does this mean?

A

They have different biological effects on different cell targets
(Lecture 2, Slide 7)

45
Q

How can cytokines be redundant?

A

Different cytokines can have the same effect
(Lecture 2, Slide 8)

46
Q

How can cytokines synergize with each other?

A

The combined effects of some cytokines can outweigh the effect of just 1
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)

47
Q

How can cytokines antagonize each other?

A

The effect of one cytokine can be blocked by another
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)

48
Q

What are 3 routes of transmission of a disease?

A

Person-to-person
Orally - through contaminated food or water
Vector-borne - through insects and spores
(Lecture 3, Slide 3)

49
Q

What are 3 sub-methods of transmission in person-to-person transmission?

A

Contaminated blood and body fluids
Sexual transmission
Vertical transmission
(Lecture 3, Slide 3)

50
Q

What are 2 ways diseases transferred through blood?

A

Blood transfusion and contaminated needles
(Lecture 3, Slide 4)

51
Q

How are diseases transmitted through bodily fluids?

A

Sexually
(Lecture 3, Slide 4)

52
Q

How are diseases transmitted through saliva and mucous?

A

Sneezing and coughing
(Lecture 3, Slide 4)

53
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

When a disease is directly transmitted from a parent to an offspring
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

54
Q

What are 4 types of vertical transmission?

A

Prenatal
Perinatal
Postnatal
Germline
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

55
Q

What is the route of infection of prenatal vertical transmission?

A

The placenta
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

56
Q

What is the route of infection of perinatal vertical transmission?

A

Infected birth canal
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

57
Q

What is the route of infection of postnatal vertical transmission?

A

Milk or direct contact with blood at delivery
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

58
Q

What is the route of infection of germline vertical transmission?

A

Viral DNA sequences in the human genome
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

59
Q

What are 2 routes of infection of oral infection?

A

Faecal shed into drinking water
Contamination of food products directly or in the preparation process
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)

60
Q

What are the 3 most prominent animals in vector transmission and why?

A

Insects, ticks and mites as they are blood suckers
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

61
Q

What are “zoonoses”?

A

Any infection transmitted from infected animals to humans, directly or indirectly
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

BM 212: Introduction to Immunology (13 decks)

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