Block B Part 1: Innate Immune Cells, Cytokine Families and Routes of Infection

Question 1

What are the 3 phases of an immune response to a pathogen?

Answer 1

Recognition of pathogen
Mounting a reaction against pathogen
Resolution of immune response (attack against the pathogen)
(Lecture 1, Slide 3)

Question 2

What 3 cells do lymphoid progenitors differentiate into?

Answer 2

T cells, B cells and natural killer cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

Question 3

What 2 cells do myeloid progenitors directly differentiate into?

Answer 3

Mast cells and myeloblasts
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

Question 4

What 4 cells do myeloblasts directly differentiate into?

Answer 4

Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

Question 5

What 2 cells do monocytes directly differentiate into?

Answer 5

Dendritic cells and macrophages
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

Question 6

Are dendritic cells professional antigen presenting cells?

Answer 6

Yes
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 7

How do immature dendritic cells become mature?

Answer 7

They enter tissues and mature after encountering a pathogen
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 8

What do dendritic cells enforce?

Answer 8

Immune tolerance
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 9

How do dendritic cells enforce immune tolerence?

Answer 9

They can silence self-reacting T cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 10

What do dendritic cells orchestrate?

Answer 10

Antigen specific T-cell differentiation
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 11

Are macrophages professional phagocytes?

Answer 11

Yes
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 12

What do macrophages initiate through cytokine release?

Answer 12

Inflammation
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 13

What do macrophage populations have based on tissue location?

Answer 13

Heterogeneity
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 14

What does heterogeneity mean?

Answer 14

Diversity
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 15

What 2 things do macrophages produce?

Answer 15

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (such as nitric oxide and superoxide) and defensins (antimicrobial peptides)
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

Question 16

What are the first white blood cells recruited to the site of inflammation?

Answer 16

Neutrophils
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

Question 17

What 3 cells are considered to be granulocytes?

Answer 17

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

Question 18

What are granulocytes?

Answer 18

White blood cells characterised by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

Question 19

What do neutrophils form through degranulation?

Answer 19

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

Question 20

What are neutrophils a major constituent of?

Answer 20

Pus
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

Question 21

Are natural killer cells group 1, 2 or 3 Innate Lymphocyte Cells (ILC)?

Answer 21

Group 1
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

Question 22

What is a group 1 Innate Lymphocyte Cell (ILC)?

Answer 22

Similar to helper cells and help fending off intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and they produce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

Question 23

What are the 3 functions of natural killer cells?

Answer 23

They kill virally infected cells
They have a role in detecting early signs of cancer
They are able to enhance the immune response by secreting cytokines
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

Question 24

What are eosinophils primarily responsible for attacking?

Answer 24

Larger parasites
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

Question 25

What 2 things are basophils involved in?

Answer 25

Anti-parasite immunity and allergy response (Lecture 1, Slide 8)

Question 26

What 2 things do basophils release?

Answer 26

Histamine and IL-4 (Lecture 1, Slide 8)

Question 27

What do cytokines mediate?

Answer 27

The effector functions of the immune system (Lecture 2, Slide 3)

Question 28

What 3 features of an immune response do cytokines regulate?

Answer 28

The type, intensity and duration of the immune response (Lecture 2, Slide 3)

Question 29

What are 2 ways that cytokines can be secreted?

Answer 29

Stimulation of the innate immune system or by T and B cells (Lecture 2, Slide 3)

Question 30

What 3 aspects of a target cell can cytokines mediate?

Answer 30

Activation, proliferation and differentiation of target cells (Lecture 2, Slide 3)

Question 31

What are the 6 cytokine families?

Answer 31

Class 1 (hematopoietin) Class 2 (interferon) Tumour Necrosis Factor Interleukin 1 Interleukin 17 Chemokines (Lecture 2, Slide 4)

Question 32

What 2 things are Class 2 (interferon) cytokines important for?

Answer 32

Antiviral responses and to modulate the immune response (Lecture 2, Slide 5)

Question 33

Is tumour necrosis factor soluble or membrane-bound?

Answer 33

It's both (Lecture 2, Slide 5)

Question 34

What 3 things is tumour necrosis factor involved in?

Answer 34

Immune system development, effector function and homeostasis (Lecture 2, Slide 5)

Question 35

What does the interleukin 1 class of cytokines include?

Answer 35

Important inflammatory mediators (Lecture 2, Slide 5)`

Question 36

What is the function of the interleukin 17 class of cytokines?

Answer 36

Promote neutrophil accumulation and activation (Lecture 2, Slide 5)

Question 37

What is the function of the chemokine class of cytokines?

Answer 37

They are Chemoattractants (Lecture 2, Slide 5)

Question 38

What 3 ways can cytokines act in?

Answer 38

Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine (Lecture 2, Slide 6)

Question 39

What is autocrine action?

Answer 39

A cytokine acting on the cell that produced it (Lecture 2, Slide 6)

Question 40

What is autocrine action used for?

Answer 40

To help regulate the cell's own function or stimulate it's own activity (Lecture 2, Slide 6)

Question 41

What is paracrine action?

Answer 41

When a cytokine produced by one cell affects a nearby cell (Lecture 2, Slide 6)

Question 42

What is paracrine action used for?

Answer 42

Local immune responses where cells nearby need to co-ordinate their efforts to deal with a problem (Lecture 2, Slide 6)

Question 43

What is endocrine action?

Answer 43

When a cytokine produced by one cell affects a distant cell (Lecture 2, Slide 6)

Question 44

Some cytokines are pleiotropic - what does this mean?

Answer 44

They have different biological effects on different cell targets (Lecture 2, Slide 7)

Question 45

How can cytokines be redundant?

Answer 45

Different cytokines can have the same effect (Lecture 2, Slide 8)

Question 46

How can cytokines synergize with each other?

Answer 46

The combined effects of some cytokines can outweigh the effect of just 1 (Lecture 2, Slide 9)

Question 47

How can cytokines antagonize each other?

Answer 47

The effect of one cytokine can be blocked by another (Lecture 2, Slide 9)

Question 48

What are 3 routes of transmission of a disease?

Answer 48

Person-to-person Orally - through contaminated food or water Vector-borne - through insects and spores (Lecture 3, Slide 3)

Question 49

What are 3 sub-methods of transmission in person-to-person transmission?

Answer 49

Contaminated blood and body fluids Sexual transmission Vertical transmission (Lecture 3, Slide 3)

Question 50

What are 2 ways diseases transferred through blood?

Answer 50

Blood transfusion and contaminated needles (Lecture 3, Slide 4)

Question 51

How are diseases transmitted through bodily fluids?

Answer 51

Sexually (Lecture 3, Slide 4)

Question 52

How are diseases transmitted through saliva and mucous?

Answer 52

Sneezing and coughing (Lecture 3, Slide 4)

Question 53

What is vertical transmission?

Answer 53

When a disease is directly transmitted from a parent to an offspring (Lecture 3, Slide 5)

Question 54

What are 4 types of vertical transmission?

Answer 54

Prenatal Perinatal Postnatal Germline (Lecture 3, Slide 5)

Question 55

What is the route of infection of prenatal vertical transmission?

Answer 55

The placenta (Lecture 3, Slide 5)

Question 56

What is the route of infection of perinatal vertical transmission?

Answer 56

Infected birth canal (Lecture 3, Slide 5)

Question 57

What is the route of infection of postnatal vertical transmission?

Answer 57

Milk or direct contact with blood at delivery (Lecture 3, Slide 5)

Question 58

What is the route of infection of germline vertical transmission?

Answer 58

Viral DNA sequences in the human genome (Lecture 3, Slide 5)

Question 59

What are 2 routes of infection of oral infection?

Answer 59

Faecal shed into drinking water Contamination of food products directly or in the preparation process (Lecture 3, Slide 6)

Question 60

What are the 3 most prominent animals in vector transmission and why?

Answer 60

Insects, ticks and mites as they are blood suckers (Lecture 3, Slide 7)

Question 61

What are "zoonoses"?

Answer 61

Any infection transmitted from infected animals to humans, directly or indirectly (Lecture 3, Slide 8)