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BM 212: Introduction to Immunology > Block C Lecture 1: Immune Anatomy > Flashcards

Block C Lecture 1: Immune Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the naive precursor of a T cell undergo rearrangement of T-cell receptor genes?

A

In the bone marrow
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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2
Q

Where does the naive precursor of a T cell migrate to after the bone marrow?

A

The thymus
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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3
Q

Where does rearrangement of T-cell receptor genes occur?

A

The thymus
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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4
Q

Why are T-cell receptor genes rearranged?

A

To produce a unique TCR
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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5
Q

What does the unique TCR recognize?

A

A unique antigen in the MHC context
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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6
Q

What type of cell presents immature T cells with MHC in the thymus?

A

An Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC), such as a Dendritic Cell (DC)
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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7
Q

What happens to T cells that interact moderately with MHC in the thymus?

A

They are positively selected, receiving signals for survival
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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8
Q

What happens to T-cells that recognise MHC too strongly in the thymus?

A

They receive signals for apoptosis, and they are negatively selected
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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9
Q

Where do T cells migrate after their development in the thymus?

A

Into peripheral lymphoid organs
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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10
Q

How do T cells exit the thymus after their development?

A

Through lymphatics
(Lecture 1, Slide 5)

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11
Q

What is the direction of lymphatic drainage in the periphery?

A

Towards lymph nodes
(Lecture 1, Slide 5)

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12
Q

What 3 cell components make up lymph nodes?

A

T cells, B cells, and Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
(Lecture 1, Slide 5)

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13
Q

What role do lymph nodes play in the immune system?

A

They act as headquarters that decide when and where immune responses need to occur
(Lecture 1, Slide 5)

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14
Q

Where are lymph nodes primarily centred?

A

Around the nose and mouth, lungs, and gut
(Lecture 1, Slide 5)

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15
Q

Why are lymph nodes centred around the nose, mouth lungs and gut?

A

Most infections are inhaled or swallowed, and these areas are common entry points for pathogens
(Lecture 1, Slide 5)

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16
Q

What are the various entry and exit points of lymph nodes?

A

Lymph nodes have various entry and exit points, with the main entry being through afferent lymphatic vessels
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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17
Q

What 2 things provide blood supply and serves as entry points for some lymphocytes in lymph nodes?

A

Arteries and veins
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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18
Q

What are the 2 points of entry for lymphocytes to enter lymph nodes?

A

Via High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) and afferent lymphatic vessels
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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19
Q

What do afferent lymphatic vessels allow?

A

Lymph inflow from the lymphatics
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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20
Q

What is lymph?

A

A clear-to-white fluid mainly containing white blood cells (lymphocytes)
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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21
Q

What are lymphatics?

A

Vessels, similar to blood vessels that transport lymph
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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22
Q

What 4 key areas are present in lymph nodes and what are their function?

A

Germinal center: Houses B cells
Paracortical area: Mostly contains T cells
Parafollicular area: Forms an interface where T and B cells communicate
Medullary cords: House antibody-producing plasma cells and macrophages
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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23
Q

Where does a dendritic cell circulate through the body?

A

Through blood and lymphatics
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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24
Q

How does a dendritic cell enter a lymph node and what does it bring with it?

A

Enters via afferent lymphatics, bringing the antigen to the lymph node
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

25
Q

Where does the interaction between B cells, T cells, and antigen-laden dendritic cells occur in the lymph node?

A

Follicular region
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

26
Q

What are the 2 types of cells dendritic cells can present to in the lymph node?

A

B cells and T cells
(Lecture 1,Slide 7)

27
Q

What cells can B cells present to in the lymph node?

A

T cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

28
Q

How do B and T cells leave the lymph node after B cells and dendritic cells present antigens and where do they go?

A

They leave via efferent lymphatics to the rest of the body
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

29
Q

What are the two key areas in the spleen and what are their functions?

A

Red pulp, where RBCs are broken down/produced, and White pulp, containing the region where B, T, and Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) interaction occurs
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

30
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

Organized surface structures in the gut
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

31
Q

How do dendritic cells in Peyer’s Patches sample antigens?

A

They can extend their pseudopods through and into the gut to sample antigens
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

32
Q

What is the role of M-cells in Peyer’s Patches?

A

M-cells are specialized Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) that can present antigens directly or indirectly (via dendritic cells) to T cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

33
Q

Where do cells that don’t recognise antigen leave the lymph nodes?

A

Via the cortical sinuses
(Lecture 1, Slide 9)

34
Q

Where do lymphocytes respond to antigens?

A

In the peripheral lymphoid organs
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

35
Q

What must lymphocytes do after responding to antigens in the peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

Leave to reach the effector site
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

36
Q

How is the antigen recognised by a T cell?

A

When the antigen in presented by an MHC molecule
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

37
Q

What classes of MHC receptors do CD4+ (Helper) T cells and CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells have?

A

CD4+ cells have MHC class II whereas CD8+ cells only have MHC class I
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

38
Q

What 2 paired protein chains does the T cell receptor (TCR) consist of?

A

α and ß (sometimes γ + δ)
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

39
Q

Do T cell receptors (TCRs) have a variable region?

A

Yes
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

40
Q

What domain is present near the tail of T cell receptors (TCRs)?

A

A transmembrane domain
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

41
Q

What is the cytoplasmic tail at the end of T cell receptors (TCRs) used for?

A

Interacting with signalling molecules
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

42
Q

What is the purpose of the T cell receptor (TCR)?

A

To recognise peptides presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules
(Lecture 1, Slide 13)

43
Q

What tissues are immature dendritic cells present in?

A

All tissues (although sometimes with different names)
(Lecture 1, Slide 14)

44
Q

What do dendritic cells do once they have taken up the antigen in the periphery?

A

They travel though the lymphatics to lymph nodes
(Lecture 1, Slide 14)

45
Q

What do mature dendritic cells do after travelling to the lymph node after they have taken up the antigen?

A

They attempt to interact with T cells, and while most will not respond, some will and they will become activated upon being presented their specific antigen
(Lecture 1, Slide 14)

46
Q

What do naïve T cells do?

A

They recirculate looking for phagocytes presenting their specific antigen
(Lecture 1, Slide 15)

47
Q

How do T cells become activated after recognising their specific antigen on a phagocyte?

A

The T cell receptor (TCR) transmits a signal which activates the cell
(Lecture 1, Slide 15)

48
Q

What is the first thing that happens after a T cell becomes activated after interacting with an APC?

A

The activated T cells start to proliferate
(Lecture 1, Slide 15)

49
Q

Why do activated T cells temporarily lose the ability to leave the lymph node after proliferating?

A

To ensure the newly generated T cells are activated as well
(Lecture 1, Slide 16)

50
Q

What enables activated T cells to regain the ability to leave the lymph node and return to the periphery to carry out their functions?

A

Differentiation into their effector functions
(Lecture 1, Slide 16)

51
Q

What are 3 reasons the adaptive immune system is slower than the innate immune system?

A

As it requires cells to move, interact and produce cytokines in order to influence effector function, as the body must be able respond to threats anywhere
(Lecture 1, Slide 17)

52
Q

What are the 4 phases, in order, of the timeline of the body’s response to an infection?

A

Establishment of infection
Inductive phase
Effector phase
Memory phase
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

53
Q

During what phase of the body’s reaction to an infection does the adaptive immune response start becoming activated?

A

The inductive phase, though it doesn’t become fully active until the effector phase
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

54
Q

What happens when the bodies response to infection reaches the inductive phase?

A

Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) are produced and Pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (PAMPs) will further enhance response
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

55
Q

When does the body response to infection reach the effector phase?

A

Once activated T cells are brought back from the lymph and thus begin to clear the infection
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

56
Q

What activates the immune system?

A

Inflammatory inducers which indicate the presence of pathogens or tissue damage
(Lecture 1, Slide 19)

57
Q

How is memory induced in the immune system?

A

Through the production and maintenance of memory T cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 19)

58
Q

How long can memory T and B cells persist?

A

Years, decades, or can even be life-long
(Lecture 1, Slide 19)

BM 212: Introduction to Immunology (13 decks)

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