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BM108: Organisms and Diseases > Block C Part 4: Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Block C Part 4: Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

State 3 viruses.

A

Ebola Virus
Marburg Virus
Rabies
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Smallpox
Influenza Virus
Dengue Virus
Rotavirus (diarrhea)
Coronavirus
(Lecture 3, Slide 4)

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2
Q

What 3 things must an immune response against a virus deal with?

A

Viral products (aka Viral toxins) Virions in the circulation and Virus infected cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

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3
Q

State 3 bacteria.

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia pestis (Black plague)
Clostridium (Tetanus, lock jaw)
Legionella
Streptococcus pneumoniae or S. pneumococcus
Bacillus anthracis
Salmonella typhi
Treponema pallidum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)

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4
Q

What 2 things must an immune response against bacteria deal with?

A

Bacterial cells
The spread of bacteria within the body
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

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5
Q

When do fungi infect people?

A

Usually opportunistically; they usually infect people who are immunocompromised
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

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6
Q

State 2 fungi.

A

Aspergillus
Blastomyces
Candida
Cryptococcus
Pneumocystis
Histoplasma
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

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7
Q

What 3 things must an immune response against fungi deal with?

A

Spores
Mycelium made up of hyphae
Toxic products
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

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8
Q

What 3 features does the immune system need to deal with when faced with parasitic pathogens?

A

Unicellular protozoans which can be intra or extracellular
Multicellular life stages
Multicellular organisms
(Lecture 3, Slide 10)

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9
Q

What do cytokines do and what produces them?

A

They are proteins which act on cells which have receptors for the cytokine and they are produced by most immune cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 17)

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10
Q

Are cytokines specific to one cell?

A

No, the same cytokine can act on more than one cell/cell type
(Lecture 3, Slide 17)

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11
Q

What are interferons?

A

A natural substance that helps the body’s immune system fight infection and other diseases, such as cancer
(Lecture 3, Slide 18)

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12
Q

What is interferon alpha?

A

Lymphoblastoid cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 18)

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13
Q

What is an interferon beta and what are they stimulated by?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages etc.
stimulated by abortively (in an untimely manner) replicating virus
(Lecture 3, Slide 18)

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14
Q

What are interferon gamma produced by?

A

Stimulated T cells and Natural Killer cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 18)

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15
Q

What is the most important interferon and give 3 reasons why.

A

Interferon gamma is the most important as it;
1. Inhibits viral activity
2. Enhances activity of NK cells
3. Activates macrophages - enhances phagocytosis
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

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16
Q

Is specific immunity controlled or uncontrolled?

A

Controlled
(Lecture 3, Slide 20)

17
Q

How is specific immunity controlled?

A

Causes death of own cells - removing intracellular pathogens - and produces cytokines that stimulate other immune cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 20)

18
Q

Which 3 ways do B lymphocytes and antibodies neutralise a pathogen?

A

They can prevent viruses from uncoating or transcribing
Prevent pathogen attaching to its receptor
Hit an essential function of the pathogen.
(Lecture 3, Slide 22)

19
Q

What do antibodies increase the activity of?

A

Macrophages and natural killer cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

20
Q

What are the 4 ideal features a drug can have?

A

Given orally
Cheap
Short dosing regimen
No adverse side effects
(Lecture 4, Slide 3)

21
Q

What is vaccination?

A

When you introduce a protective antigen into the vaccinated person to prevent the disease
(Lecture 4, Slide 5)

22
Q

What can vaccination give a patient?

A

Can give life long specific immunity
(Lecture 4, Slide 5)

23
Q

What does vaccination depend on?

A

Identifying the correct protective antigen
(Lecture 4, Slide 5)

24
Q

What does disease eradication depend on?

A

It depends on human transmission - need to achieve a reproductive rate of r < 1 (with r < 1 meaning that less than one person is infected by each individual)
(Lecture 4, Slide 5)

25
Q

What year was smallpox eradicated?

A

1980
(Lecture 4, Slide 10)

26
Q

What are DNA vaccines?

A

DNA from infectious agent can be directly inserted into the skin
(Lecture 4, Slide 12)

27
Q

What are RNA vaccines?

A

Production of protein , e.g. spike protein for Coronavirus
(Lecture 4, Slide 12)

28
Q

What needs to happen for passive transfer of antibodies to work?

A

It needs to be administered early in disease cycle
(Lecture 4, Slide 13)

29
Q

What type of variation can passive transfer of antibodies show?

A

Lot-lot variation
(Lecture 4, Slide 13)

30
Q

What does the efficacy of passive transfer of antibodies require?

A

Immune donors
(Lecture 4, Slide 13)

31
Q

What solved variation / availability in passive transfer of antibodies?

A

Production of monoclonal antibodies
(Lecture 4, Slide 13)

32
Q

What is treatment with T cells used to treat?

A

Cancers
(Lecture 4, Slide 16)

33
Q

Why are T cells incubated with a tumour antigen in during treatment with T cells?

A

To expand the population of tumour-specific T cells to put back into the patient
(Lecture 4, Slide 16)

34
Q

What does CARs stand for?

A

Chimeric antigen receptors
(Lecture 4, Slide 18)

35
Q

What are CARs?

A

Adapted T cells engineered to target particular T cell antigens
(Lecture 4, Slide 18)

36
Q

What are CARs associated with?

A

They are associated with toxicity through cytokine release syndrome.
(Lecture 4, Slide 18)

37
Q

What is cytokine release syndrome?

A

A novel inflammatory process
(Lecture 4, Slide 18)

38
Q

What is cytokine therapy?

A

Cytokines are produced as recombinant proteins
(Lecture 4, Slide 19)

39
Q

What are used in Cytokine therapy?

A

Interferons and interleukins
(Lecture 4, Slide 19)

BM108: Organisms and Diseases (16 decks)

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