Block3 Lecture5

Question 1

What are the anatomical components of the nose?

Answer 1

1) nasal vestibule, 2) atrium, 3) turbinates, 4) olfactory region, 5) nasopharynx

Question 2

What cell types are present in the nasopharynx?

Answer 2

squamous

Question 3

What cell types are present in the nasal vestibule?

Answer 3

highly keratinized cells with hairs

Question 4

What is the surface area of the turbinates?

Answer 4

150 cm2

Question 5

What particle sizes do the turbinates filter?

Answer 5

2 - 10 microns

Question 6

What are the 3 turbinates?

Answer 6

superior, middle, inferior

Question 7

What is the function of the turbinates?

Answer 7

humidify air and remove particles

Question 8

What factors of the turbinates optimize absorption?

Answer 8

good blood supply, good surface area

Question 9

What is the volume of nasal secretions per day?

Answer 9

15 mL

Question 10

What rhythm do nasal secretions exhibit?

Answer 10

diurnal (5x lower at night)

Question 11

what is the pH of the nose?

Answer 11

5.5 - 6.5; infant is 5-7

Question 12

Describe the content of nasal secretions.

Answer 12

0.9 H2O, 0.02 mucin, 0.01 protein, salts and lipids

Question 13

What proteins are present in nasal secretions?

Answer 13

protease, IgG, lysozyme

Question 14

What causes increased mucous turnover?

Answer 14

parasympathetic stimulation

Question 15

What causes decreased mucous turnover?

Answer 15

alpha-adrenergic agonists

Question 16

Where are cilia dense?

Answer 16

the turbinates

Question 17

What is the turnover time for mucous?

Answer 17

20-30 minutes, faster in rhinitis

Question 18

What factors increase cilia beat frequency?

Answer 18

surfactants, drugs

Question 19

What factors decrease ciliary beat frequency?

Answer 19

1) temp less than 24 C, 2) increased viscosity, 3) ATP depletion

Question 20

What drug molecules are most likely to use the transcellular pathway?

Answer 20

MW = 300-1000 and lipid soluble

Question 21

What drug molecules are most likely to use the paracellular pathway?

Answer 21

MW less than 300

Question 22

What are the desired drug characteristics for delivery to the nasal cavity?

Answer 22

1) rapid action, 2) highly potent, 3) MW < 1000, 4) nonirritating, 5) need to avoid first-pass

Question 23

What are the advantages of vapors?

Answer 23

1) no concern about volume administered, 2) easy handling

Question 24

What are the examples of aerosol delivery systems for the nasal cavity?

Answer 24

1) conventional pumps, 2) metered pumps, 3) propellant-driven metered spray, 4) insufflations

Question 25

How are bulk solutions administered?

Answer 25

via droppers, 0.5 - 1 mL directly to nose

Question 26

How is the nozzle of conventional pumps designed?

Answer 26

to direct particles toward turbinates and away from vestibule

Question 27

What is the volume of the metering chamber for nasal delivery metered pumps?

Answer 27

0.05 - 2 mL

Question 28

What aspect of metered pumps give better direction toward the turbinates?

Answer 28

elongated nose

Question 29

What are the advantages of insufflations?

Answer 29

better stability and no preservatives

Question 30

What anatomical features of the nasal cavity contain cilia?

Answer 30

atrium & turbinates

Question 31

What nerve provides the sense of smell?

Answer 31

trigeminal

Question 32

In what region of the nasal cavity is the trigeminal nerve giving access to the CNS?

Answer 32

olfactory

Question 33

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

Answer 33

secretion drain to the GI

Question 34

Why is the nasal vestibule not a target for drug delivery?

Answer 34

not permeable

Question 35

Why is the atrium not a target for drug delivery?

Answer 35

low SA

Question 36

What structures produce nasal secretions?

Answer 36

goblet cells, submucosal glands, plasma exudate

Question 37

What is the function of mucin?

Answer 37

trapping and removing particles, preventing excess H2O, protease enzymes

Question 38

What is the function of membrane-acting permeation enhancers?

Answer 38

to decrease tight junction efficacy and decrease membrane viscosity

Question 39

function of vaporizers

Answer 39

increase humidity by boiling water, also contain spot for medication cup

Question 40

function of humidifiers

Answer 40

add humidity to air without heat

Question 41

what produces droplets in a conventional pump?

Answer 41

shearing of the liquid stream

Question 42

For what nasal delivery methods are patient factors important for determining droplet size?

Answer 42

conventional, metered pumps

Question 43

How does chitosan differ from chitin?

Answer 43

chitosan contains amines instead of N-acetyls for adherance to membranes

Question 44

What is ViaNaseID?

Answer 44

a cross between a nebulizer and nasal spray that can identify drug, dose, and expiration date

Question 45

What are the disadvantages to propellant-driven metered nasal sprays?

Answer 45

irritating to mucosa

Question 46

What are the advantages to propellant-driven metered sprays?

Answer 46

good reproducibility, high droplet velocity gives good deposition

Question 47

What is a nasal insufflation?

Answer 47

a dry powder applied directly like a DPI

Question 48

Why is deposition on the anterior turbinate bad?

Answer 48

moves to GI quickly

Question 49

How should droppers for nasal bulk solutions be cleaned?

Answer 49

with warm water

Question 50

When are bulk solutions advantageous?

Answer 50

for young patients or patients with poor hand strength; when irritant is not desired