BLOOD Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
transports substances such as oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and participates in processes such as clotting and fighting infections.
A
BLOOD
2
Q
It is the only fluid tissue in the body
A
blood
3
Q
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended in plasma
A
formed elements
4
Q
a nonliving fluid in blood
A
plasma
5
Q
Most of the reddish “pellet” at the bottom of the tube is erythrocytes or the formed elements that function in oxygen transport.
A
red blood cells
6
Q
thin, whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma
A
buffy coat
7
Q
leukocytes act in various ways to protect the body
A
white blood cells
8
Q
cell fragments that help stop bleeding
A
platelets
9
Q
Erythrocytes normally account for about 45 percent of the total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as the
A
hematocrit (“blood fraction”)
10
Q
White blood cells and platelets contribute
A
less than 1 percent
11
Q
plasma makes up most of the remaining of the whole blood
A
55 percent
12
Q
blood varies from color scarlet
A
oxygen-rich
13
Q
blood color is dull red or purple
A
oxygen-poor
14
Q
Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH between
A
7.35 and 7.45
15
Q
blood temperature
A
38°C, or 100.4°F
16
Q
which is approximately 90 percent water, is the liquid part of the blood.
A
plasma
17
Q
are the most abundant solutes in plasma.
A
Plasma proteins
18
Q
acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, is an important blood buffer, and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood, which acts to keep water in the bloodstream.
A
albumin
19
Q
help stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
A
Clotting proteins
20
Q
help protect the body from pathogens
A
antibodies
21
Q
make dozens of adjustments day in and day out to maintain the many plasma solutes at life-sustaining levels
A
Various body organs
22
Q
90% of plasma volume; solvent for carrying other substances; absorbs heat
A
water in plasma
23
Q
Osmotic balance, pH buffering, regulation of membrane permeability
A
Salts (electrolytes)
24
Q
Osmotic balance, pH buffering
A
Albumin
25
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins
26
Salts (electrolytes)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
27
Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport
Globulins
28
Clotting of blood
Fibrinogen
29
Functions: Defense and immunity
Leukocytes (WBC)
30
Functions: Blood clotting
Platelets
31
Functions: Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes (RBC)
32
RBCs are anucleate that is, they lack a nucleus.
TRUE
33
an iron-bearing protein, transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood.
Hemoglobin (Hb)
34
what happen when the number of RBC/mm3 increases
blood viscosity, or thickness, increases
35
what happen when number of RBCs decreases
blood thins and flows more rapidly
36
A decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood, whatever the reason, is called
anemia
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the body does not form normal hemoglobin, Instead, abnormal hemoglobin is formed that becomes spiky and sharp
sickle cell anemia (SCA)
38
Only individuals carrying two copies of the defective gene have sickle cell anemia. Those carrying just one sickling gene have
sickle cell trait (SCT)
39
An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes, may result from bone marrow cancer
polycythemia
40
Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under conditions of increased oxygen use by body; occurs mainly in people of African descent
Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
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are far less numerous than red blood cells, they are crucial to body defense.
leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
42
form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells
leukocytes
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a process where white blood cells, by contrast, are able to slip into and out of the blood vessels
diapedesis
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WBCs can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells.
positive chemotaxis
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Once they have “caught the
scent,” the WBCs move through the tissue spaces
by
amoeboid motion
46
A total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3
is referred to
as leukocytosis
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an abnormally low WBC count, It is commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents.
leukopenia
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literally “white blood,” the bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly.
leukemia
49
WBCs are classified into two major groups
granulocytes and agranulocytes
50
are granule containing WBCs. They have lobed nuclei, which typically consist of several rounded nuclear areas connected by thin strands of nuclear material
Granulocytes
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are the most numerous WBCs.
They have a multilobed nucleus and very fine granules that respond to both acidic and basic stains.
Neutrophils
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have a blue-red nucleus that resembles earmuffs and brick-red cytoplasmic granules. Their number increases rapidly during infections by parasitic worms.
Eosinophils
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the rarest of the WBCs, have large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue.
Basophils
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is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflamed site.
Histamine
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lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Their nuclei are closer to the norm—that is, they are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.
agranulocytes
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have a large, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume. Only slightly larger than RBCs, tend to take up residence in lymphatic tissues, such as the tonsils, where they play an important role in the immune response.
lymphocytes
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are the largest of the WBCs. Except for their more abundant cytoplasm and distinctive U- or kidney shaped nucleus, they resemble large lymphocytes
Monocytes
58
not technically cells. They are fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes
Platelets
59
which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet “pieces” that quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.
megakaryocytes
60
are needed for the clotting process that stops blood loss from broken blood vessels
platelets
61
Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long-term “cleanup team”; increase in number during chronic infections; activate lymphocytes during immune response
Monocytes
62
Part of immune system; B lymphocytes produce antibodies; T lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection and in fighting tumors and viruses via direct cell attack
Lymphocytes
63
Release histamine (vasodilator chemical) at sites of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant
Basophils
64
Kill parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes; play a complex role in allergy attacks
Eosinophils
65
Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections
Neutrophils
66
Blood cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue.
hematopoiesis
67
In adults, this tissue is found chiefly in the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur.
hematopoiesis
68
All the formed elements arise from a common stem cell, which resides in red bone marrow. Their development differs, however, and once a cell is committed to a specific blood pathway, it cannot change.
hemocytoblast
69
Iron is bound to protein as
ferritin
70
the balance of the heme group is degraded, which is then secreted into the intestine by liver cells
bilirubin
71
brown pigment, that leaves the body in feces
stercobilin
72
is broken down to amino acids, which are released into the circulation.
Globin
73
Lost blood cells are replaced more or less continuously by the division of
hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
74
The developing RBCs divide many times and then begin synthesizing huge amounts of hemoglobin. When enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the nucleus and most organelles are ejected, and the cell collapses inward. The result is the young RBC.
a reticulocyte
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The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called
erythropoietin
76
produces most erythropoietin as a response to reduced in the blood
kidney
77
the formation of leukocytes and platelets is stimulated by
hormones
78
these two are not only prompt red bone marrow to turn out leukocytes, but also enhance the ability of mature leukocytes to protect the body.
colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
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hormone that accelerates the production of platelets from megakaryocytes, but little is known about how that process is regulated.
thrombopoietin
80
a series of reactions starts the process of stopping the bleeding, which is fast and localized, involves many substances normally present in plasma, as well as some that are released by platelets and injured tissue cells.
hemostasis
81
phase of hemostasis where The immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstriction, which causes blood vessel spasms
Vascular spasms occur
82
phase of hemostasis where Platelets are repelled by an intact endothelium, but when the underlying collagen fibers of a broken vessel are exposed, the platelets become “sticky” and cling to the damaged site.
Platelet plug forms.
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phase of hemostasis where clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with Ca2+ to form thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin.
Coagulation events occur
84
Hemostasis involves three major phases, which occur in rapid sequence:
1. vascular spasms,
2. platelet plug formation,
3. coagulation, or blood clotting.
85
Coagulation events occur phase where the injured tissues are releasing, which interacts with PF3 (platelet factor 3)
tissue factor (TF)
86
Coagulation events occur phase where form an activator release by injured tissue cells interacts with Ca2+ that leads to the formation of enzymes called
thrombin
87
forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.
Fibrin
88
causes blood vessels to spam and smooth muscle contracts
vasoconstriction
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this platelets release chemical to attract more platelets
anchored platelets
90
fibrin forms the basis for a clot called
meshwork
91
is plasma minus clotting proteins that squeezed form the clot as it retracts and pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessel closer together.
serum
92
provides a rough surface to which the platelets can adhere, and the pressure fractures cells, increasing the release of tissue factor locally.
the gauze
93
A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called
thrombus
94
If a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream, it becomes an
embolus
95
results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets.
Thrombocytopenia
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applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting.
hemophilia
97
is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to mount defense against it
antigen
98
The “recognizers” present in plasma that attach to RBCs bearing surface antigens different from those on the patient’s (recipient’s) RBCs
antibodies
98
99
Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump, which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body, a phenomenon called
agglutination
100
"universal recipient"
AB
101
"universal donor"
O
102
Blood that can be received by AB
A, B, AB, O
103
Blood that can be received by B
B, O
104
Blood that can be received by A
A, O
105
Blood that can be received by O
only O
106
B only received B because
it is Anti-A
107
A only received A because
it is Anti-B
108
O only received O because
it is Anti A and B
109
a baby with neither the A nor the B antigen forms both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
blood type O
110
does not occur in an Rh− person with the first transfusion of Rh+ blood because it takes time for the body to react and start making antibodies.
Hemolysis
111
Which would lead to increased erythropoiesis?
Chronic bleeding ulcer
112
In a person with sickle cell anemia, sickling of
RBCs can be induced by
stress
113
A child is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. This
means that
a. one parent had sickle cell anemia.
b. one parent carried the sickle cell gene.
c. both parents had sickle cell anemia.
d. both parents carried the sickle cell gene
b
114
Polycythemia vera will result in
a. overproduction of WBCs.
b. exceptionally high blood volume.
c. abnormally high blood viscosity.
d. abnormally low hematocrit.
c
115
Which of the following are normally associated
with leukocytes?
a. Positive chemotaxis
b. Phototaxis
c. Diapedesis
d. Hemostasis
a
116
Which of the following cell types are granulocytes?
a. Lymphocytes
b. Platelets
c. Eosinophils
d. Basophils
Eosinophils and basophils are both types of granulocytes
117
A person with blood group A can receive blood
from a person with blood group
a. B.
b. A.
c. AB.
d. O.
b and d
118
A condition resulting from thrombocytopenia is
a. thrombus formation.
b. embolus formation.
c. petechiae.
d. hemophilia.
c
119
Which of the following can cause problems in a
transfusion reaction?
a. Donor antibodies attacking recipient RBCs
b. Clogging of small vessels by agglutinated clumps
of RBCs
c. Lysis of donated RBCs
d. Blockage of kidney tubules
c
120
Clotting proteins
a. stem blood loss
after injury.
b. transport certain
molecules.
c. help keep water in
the bloodstream.
d. protect the body
from pathogens.
a
121
Hematocrit is determined by the percentage of
a. plasma.
b. leukocytes.
c. platelets.
d. erythrocytes
d
122
If an Rh−
mother becomes pregnant, when can
hemolytic disease of the newborn not possibly
occur in the child?
a. If the child is Rh−
b. If the child is Rh+
c. If the father is Rh+
d. If the father is Rh−
a
123
