Blood Flashcards
(49 cards)
List the basic measurements for blood (temp, visc, pH, volume)
- temp: 100 degrees Fahrenheit
- viscosity: 5x higher than water
- pH: 7.35 veinous, 7.4 arterial
- volume: 5.5 M, 4.5 F
Functions of blood
- transportation of O2, Co2, nutrients and waste.
- regulation of body temp through blood vessels in skin dilating and constricting. regulation of pH swings through buffers (bicarbonate)
- protection from pathogens and damage
What system is blood part of?
circulatory
What are formed elements and how abundant are they
- Formed elements = cells in blood
- 45% of total blood volume
- 99.9% erythrocytes 0.1% leukocytes and platelets
What is blood plasma and how abundant is it
- plasma = area outside of cells
- 55% of BV
- 92% water, 7% proteins, 1% solutes
What are plasma proteins and where are they made
- made by liver
- Albumin: most abundant, maintain osmotic balance keeping fluid from exiting blood vessels
- Globulins: immunoglobulins for defense, transportglobulins for hormones
- Fibrinogen: becomes fibrin for blood clotting
What are the other solutes in plasma
- Inorganic substances: electrolytes (ions) i.e sodium for osmotic balance
- organic nutrients and waste: glucose, fats, urea (waste product of producing proteins)
- gaseous solutes: O2, Co2, N2
- Co2: reacts with water to form carbonic acid, breaks into H+ and bicarbonate (pH buffer)
What are the 5 types of Leukocytes and their functions
- Neutrophils:
- most NUmerous
- phagocytosis bacteria
- Eosinophils:
- fights parasites
- Basophils:
- release chemicals that aid inflammation
- histamine and heparin
- Monocytes:
- LARGEST
- turns into macrophages when leaving circulation to repair damaged tissue
- phagocytose bacteria
- Lymphocytes:
- 2nd most common
- longest lived
- T & B cells, specific immune response
- Natural killer cells, nonspecific defense, can fight own cells
Importance of histamine/heparin
Histamines cause allergies, heparin stops clotting allowing WBC to enter and repair
Pneumonic for remembering leukocyte types
LEBNM: Let Everyone Bump Nirvana Mom- lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes
Hematopoiesis: definition, location, requirements
- process of making blood cells/formed elements
- occurs in red bone marrow (locations in adults: sternum, ribs, scapula, skull, hip, spongy bone of proximal femur)
- requires hematopoietic stem cells
Describe the structure of an erythrocyte and why this structure is beneficial
- biconcave disc: keeps O2 close to edges for easier diffusion
- non-spherical: allows stacking of RBCs in blood vessels
- Flexible cytoskeleton: allows folding for travel through capillaries
- Non-complex: water, cytoskeleton, hemoglobin, no nucleus post maturity allows more room for O2
Describe the structure of hemoglobin
- protein made of 4 polypeptides
- each polypeptide has 1 heme, each heme has 1 iron
- Heme: iron + porphyrin ring, iron reversibly binds to O2
What is Hb?
Hemoglobin
Describe the Bohr Effect
As CO2 and H+ increase in the blood, hemoglobin releases more O2, increasing uptake of CO2 and H+ for exhalation.
How does Hemoglobin act as a pH buffer
Hemoglobin binds to CO2 and H+ maintaining blood pH
Explain Erythropoiesis
- hematopoiesis of erythrocytes (making rbcs)
- 2 million rbcs/sec
- requires lots of raw materials due to short lifespan
- raw materials: Iron, Copper, Zinc, vitamin B
Describe the function of the raw materials in erythropoiesis
- Iron: needed for production and synthesis of hemoglobin
- Copper: transport iron/convert to usable form
- Zinc: used to make heme
- Vitamin B: Folate & B12 needed for DNA synthesis to shape RBCs, B12 requires intrinsic factor for absorption
Explain what happens after hematopoietic stem cells differentiate and what their new form does
-Become reticulocytes via direction of erythropoietin (EPO)
- Form of RBC that enters blood stream, still contains some organelles
- Makes up 1-2% of erythrocyte count used as indicator for levels of RBC production
Describe Erythropoietin (EPO) source, target, function, and regulation
- Hormone
- source: kidneys in response to hypoxia
- target: bone marrow erythrocyte progenitor cells
- function: increase RBC production
- regulation: negative feedback
Describe the life cycle of an erythrocyte from birth to life and eventual death (6)
- Born in red bone marrow
- Released as reticulocyte
- circulates for 120 days
- dies in spleen/liver
- Iron stored by liver/spleen, transported via transferrin to bone marrow
- porphyrin ring degraded into biliverdin/bilirubin, waste product becomes bile
Cardinal signs for inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain
Describe the movement of WBCs
- can leave bloodstream to go to areas of infection/damage
- utilize amoeboid type movement: “foot” of cell membrane pulls cell forward
Chemotaxis
chemicals released by cells in area of damage/infection signaling leukocytes
