Blood Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
It is the only fluid tissue in the human body.
A
Blood
2
Q
What does blood transport throughout the body?
A
Nutrients, wastes, hormones, body heat
3
Q
What are the components of blood?
A
Living cells (formed elements)
Nonliving matrix (plasma)
4
Q
True or False: Blood is homogenous, but can be turned into a heterogenous mixture.
A
TRUE. This can be achieved by centrifuge.
5
Q
If blood is centrifuged, what sinks to the bottom?
A
Erythrocytes
6
Q
Erythrocytes make up what percentage of hemocrit?
A
45%
7
Q
If blood is centrifuged, what rises to the top?
A
Plasma
8
Q
Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?
A
55%
9
Q
It is a thin, whitish layer between erythrocytes and plasma.
A
Buffy coat
10
Q
What does the buffy coat in blood contain?
A
Leukocytes and platelets
11
Q
Buffy coat makes up what percentage of blood?
A
Less than 1%
12
Q
In terms of color, what is the difference between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood?
A
Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red, while oxygen-poor blood is dull red.
13
Q
What is the ideal pH level of blood?
A
Between 7.35 and 7.45
14
Q
What is the ideal temperature level for blood?
A
Slightly higher than body temperature (100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or 38 degrees Celsius)
15
Q
How much is the normal blood volume in a healthy man?
A
5-6 liters or 6 quarts
16
Q
Blood makes up what percent of our body weight?
A
8%
17
Q
True or False: Blood plasma is composed of approximately 90% water.
A
TRUE
18
Q
What are some of the dissolved substances that can be found in blood plasma?
A
Nutrients, salts (electrolytes), hormones, plasma proteins, waste products
19
Q
They are the most abundant solutes in plasma.
A
Plasma proteins
20
Q
Most plasma proteins are made by which organ?
A
Liver
21
Q
Give three examples of plasma proteins.
A
Albumin
Clotting proteins
Antibodies
22
Q
These plasma proteins regulate osmotic pressure.
A
Albumin
23
Q
These plasma proteins help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured.
A
Clotting proteins
24
Q
These plasma proteins help protect the body from pathogens.
A
Antibodies
25
It is when blood pH becomes too acidic.
Acidosis
26
It is when blood pH becomes too basic.
Alkalosis
27
What helps to restore blood pH back to normal when acidosis/alkalosis occurs?
Respiratory system and kidneys
28
What are the three main types of formed elements that can be found in blood?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
29
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
30
White blood cells are also called ___.
Leukocytes
31
Platelets are alternatively termed as ____.
Thrombocytes
32
The main function of these formed elements is to carry oxygen.
Erythrocytes
33
True or False: Erythrocytes are anucleate.
TRUE. They contain no nucleus in order to carry more hemoglobin/oxygen.
34
What is the shape of red blood cells?
Biconcave disks
35
What is the normal count for erythrocytes?
5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
36
How many hemoglobin molecules does every erythrocyte have?
250 million
37
What is the normal amount of hemoglobin in blood?
12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood
38
How many oxygen binding sites does a single hemoglobin molecule have?
4
39
_____ is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood.
Anemia
40
______ results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin.
Sickle cell anemia (SCA)
41
_______ is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of RBCs.
Polycythemia
42
A type of polycythemia caused by bone marrow cancer.
polycythemia vera
43
A type of polycythemia that may be a response to life at higher altitudes.
secondary polycythemia
44
True or False: Increase in RBCs increases blood flow and decreases blood viscosity.
FALSE. It slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity.
45
A decrease in RBCs resulting from a sudden hemorrhage.
Hemorrhagic anemia
46
A decrease in RBCs resulting from lysis of RBCs due to bacterial infections.
Hemolytic anemia
47
A decrease in RBCs resulting from lack of Vitamin B12.
Pernicious anemia
48
A decrease in RBCs resulting from depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications.
Aplastic anemia
49
Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs as a result of low iron in diet or slow/prolonged breathing.
Iron-deficiency anemia
50
Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs as a result of a genetic defect, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped.
Sickle cell anemia
51
These cells are crucial in the body’s defense against disease.
Leukocytes
52
Leukocytes are commonly known as ___.
White blood cells
53
True or False: White blood cells, like erythrocytes, are anucleate.
FALSE. Leukocytes are complete cells, with nucleus and organelles
54
It is the ability of WBCs to move into and out of blood vessels.
diapedesis
55
Leukocytes move by what specific motion?
amoeboid motion
56
Leukocytes respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues known as ______.
positive chemotaxis
57
What is the normal count for leukocytes?
4,800 to 10,800 WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
58
It is when the WBC count is above 11,000 cells/mm3, and generally indicates an infection.
Leukocytosis
59
Abnormally low leukocyte level commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents.
Leukopenia
60
It is when bone marrow becomes cancerous, and turns out excess WBCs.
Leukemia
61
What are the two types of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
62
This type of leukocyte has granules in the cytoplasm can be stained.
Granulocytes
63
This type of leukocyte lacks visible cytoplasmic granules.
Agranulocytes
64
True or False: Agranulocytes possess lobed nuclei, while the nuclei of granulocytes are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.
FALSE. Granulocytes possess lobed nuclei, while the nuclei of agranulocytes are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.
65
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
66
What is the order of leukocytes from most to least abundant?
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
67
The cytoplasm of these granulocytes stains pale pink and contains fine granules.
Neutrophils
68
The deep purple nucleus of neutrophils contains how many lobes?
3-7
69
True or False: Neutrophil numbers increase during infection.
TRUE
70
What is the normal amount of neutrophils in blood?
3,000–7,000 neutrophils in a cubic millimeter of blood
71
Neutrophils constitute what percentage of WBCs?
40-70%
72
These granulocytes have red, coarse cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophils
73
What is the shape of the nuclei of eosinophils, and what color do they stain?
Figure-8 or bilobed nucleus that stains blue-red
74
What is the normal amount of eosinophils in blood?
100–400 eosinophils in a cubic millimeter of blood
75
Eosinophils constitute what percentage of WBCs?
1–4%
76
These granulocytes have sparse but large blue-purple granules.
Basophils
77
What is the shape of the nuclei of basophils, and what color do they stain?
U- or S-shaped nucleus that stains dark blue
78
Basophils release which vasodilator?
Histamine
79
Basophils contain what anticoagulant?
Heparin
80
What is the normal amount of basophils in blood?
20–50 basophils in a cubic millimeter of blood
81
Basophils constitute what percentage of WBCs?
0-1%
82
These granulocytes function as phagocytes at active sites of infection.
Neutrophils
83
These granulocytes function to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks.
Eosinophils
84
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
85
The cytoplasm of lymphocytes is colored ____, while the nucleus is colored ____.
Pale blue; deep blue
86
True or False: Monocytes function as part of the immune response, while lymphocytes function as macrophages and are important in fighting chronic infection.
FALSE. Suli ahahhahaha
87
What are the two types of Lymphocytes?
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
88
_____ are involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, while _____ produce antibodies.
T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes
89
What is the normal amount of lymphocytes in blood?
1,500–3,000 lymphocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood
90
Lymphocytes constitute what percentage of WBCs?
20-45%
91
Largest of the white blood cells
Monocytes
92
The cytoplasm of monocytes is colored ____, while the nucleus is colored ____.
Gray-blue; Dark blue-purple
93
What is the normal amount of monocytes in blood?
100–700 monocytes per cubic millimeter of blood
94
Monocytes constitute what percentage of WBCs?
4-8%
95
These cell remnants are needed for the clotting process.
Platelets
96
Platelets are derived from ruptured multinucleate cells called ____.
megakaryocytes
97
What is the normal count of platelets in blood?
Platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
98
The process of blood cell formation.
Hematopoiesis
99
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
100
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell called ____.
Hemocytoblast
101
What are the two types of hemocytoblasts?
Lymphoid stem cell and myeloid stem cell
102
This hemocytoblast produces lymphocytes.
Lymphoid stem cell
103
This hemocytoblast produces all other formed elements.
Myeloid stem cell
104
True of False: Despite being anucleate, RBCs are still able to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins.
FALSE. Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins.
105
RBCs wear out in approximately how many days?
100-120
106
When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in which organs?
Spleen or liver
107
Where are lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts?
Red bone marrow
108
Rate of RBC production is controlled by what hormone?
erythropoietin
109
What organ produces most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood?
Kidneys
110
True or False: Homeostasis is maintained by positive feedback from blood oxygen levels.
FALSE. Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels.
111
What hormones prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes?
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
112
What hormone stimulates production of platelets?
Thrombopoietin
113
It is the stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel.
Hemostasis
114
Hemostasis involves what three phases?
Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)
115
In this phase of hemostasis, vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm; spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss.
Vascular spasms
116
In this phase of hemostasis, platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers, release chemicals to attract more platelets, and pile up to form a platelet plug.
Platelet Plug Formation
117
In this phase of hemostasis, a clotting cascade is triggered, thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin, which forms a meshwork.
Coagulation
118
A platelet plug is also known as ____.
white thrombus
119
Plasma minus clotting proteins is called ___.
Serum
120
Blood usually clots within how many minutes?
3-6
121
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel.
Thrombus
122
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream.
Embolus
123
Platelet deficiency where even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting.
Thrombocytopenia
124
Thrombocytopenia is evidenced by small purplish blotches on the skin called ____.
Petechiae
125
Hereditary bleeding disorder where normal clotting factors are missing.
Hemophilia
126
Loss of 15 to 30% of blood causes _____, while loss of over 30% causes ____, which can be fatal.
Weakness; shock
127
______ are given for substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for thrombocytopenia.
Blood transfusions
128
Substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack
Antigens
129
The “recognizers” of antigens.
Antibodies
130
Antibodies cause _____, which is when blood with certain proteins clump together.
Agglutination
131
How many common red blood cell antigens are there?
Over 30
132
The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by which blood group antigens?
ABO and Rh
133
ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of which two antigens?
Type A and Type B
134
Blood with the lack of antigens A and B is called ____.
Type O
135
Blood with the presence of both antigens A and B is called ____.
Type AB
136
Blood with the presence of antigen A is called ______.
Type A
137
Blood with the presence of antigen B is called _____.
Type B
138
Blood type _____ can receive A, B, AB, and O blood.
AB
139
Blood type B can receive what blood types?
B and O
140
Blood type A can receive what blood types?
A and O
141
Blood type O can receive what blood types?
Type O
142
Blood type ___ is known as a universal donor, while blood type ____ is known as a universal recipient.
O; AB
143
Rh blood groups are named because of the presence or absence of which Rh antigen?
agglutinogen D
144
Problems can occur in mixing Rh _____ blood into a body with Rh _____ blood.
Positive; negative
145
True or False: In Rh blood groups, hemolysis occurs with the first transfusion.
FALSE. Hemolysis does not occur with first transfusion, because it takes time to make antibodies.
Second, and subsequent, transfusions involve antibodies attacking donor’s Rh+ RBCs.
146
In Rh blood groups, danger occurs only when the mother is Rh _____ and the father is Rh _____, and the child inherits the Rh _____ factor.
Negative; positive; positive
147
Testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa.
Cross matching
148
What are the early sites of blood cell formation?
The fetal liver and spleen
149
What takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month?
Bone marrow
150
Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in _____.
Fetal cyanosis
151
True or False: Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth.
TRUE
