Blood Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of blood
A
- Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes
- Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
- Restricting fluid loss at injury sites
- Defense against pathogens and toxins
- Stabilizing body temperature
- Cells deprived of blood supply can die in minutes.
2
Q
What are the general characteristics of whole blood?
A
- Temp 100.4 F, pH 7.35-7.45
- 5x more viscous than water (sticky, cohesive, resistant to flow)
- About 1% of body weight
3
Q
What are the formed elements in blood and what is the general function of each. For each of those formed elements what are their characteristics
A
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): 99.9% of cells, carry hemoglobin, red in color, transports oxygen, life cycle 120 days/700 miles.
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): immune response
- Platelets: cell fragments that have enzymes/chemicals for clotting.
4
Q
What is the plasma made of and what types of proteins are found in the plasma
A
- Plasma= fluid + dissolved minerals (55% of volume)
- Made up of proteins: Albumin (most abundant- important for maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting hormones etc.), Immunoglobulins (aka Antibodies- important for immune system to recognize and neutralize pathogens) Fibrinogen (clotting)
5
Q
General characteristics of leukocytes
A
- All can move out of bloodstream,
- All are capable of amoeboid movement
- All are attracted to specific chemical stimulus
6
Q
Characteristics of neutrophils
A
- most common in blood
- first to arrive at scene
- attack and digest bacteria “marked” by antibodies or complement proteins, promote inflammation, and attract other WBC’s
- short life span
- dead one forms pus.
7
Q
Characteristics of eosinophils
A
- attack objects coated in antibodies
- exocytosis of toxic compounds
- helps reduce inflammation
8
Q
Characteristics of basophils
A
- small
- rare
- accumulate in damaged tissues
- discharge histamine (contract smooth muscle, dilates capillaries)
- discharge heparin (prevents blood clotting to enhance inflammation)
- attract other WBC’s
9
Q
Characteristics of monocytes
A
- largest
- kidney bean shaped nucleus
- enter tissues to become macrophages (monster cells, really good phagocytes)
10
Q
Characteristics of lymphocytes
A
- most in connective tissue
- lymphatic organs
11
Q
Characteristics of T cells
A
- cell mediated immunity
- attack foreign cells or control other lymphocytes
12
Q
Characteristics of B cells
A
- humoral immunity
- production of antibodies via plasma cells
- bind to antigens
13
Q
Characteristics of natural killer cells
A
- immune surveillance
- detect and kill abnormal cells
14
Q
General characteristics of platelets
A
- small colorless fragments in the blood that form clots and stop and prevent bleeding
- made in bone marrow
- do NOT have a nucleus.
15
Q
What is leukocytosis
A
- Condition characterized by too many WBC’s
- normal to have elevated amount during infection
- extreme amount can lead to leukemia
16
Q
What is leukopenia
A
condition characterized by too little WBC’s
17
Q
Function of RBC’s
A
Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and return carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation
18
Q
Function of platelets
A
Involved in blood clotting by forming plugs to seal injured blood vessels
19
Q
Function of neutrophils
A
Phagocytize and destroy pathogens, primarily bacteria, in the immune response
20
Q
Function of eosinophils
A
Combat parasitic infections and play a role in allergic reactions
21
Q
Function of basophils
A
Release histamine and other chemicals during inflammatory and allergic reactions
22
Q
Function of monocytes
A
Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to engulf pathogens and present antigens
23
Q
Function of lymphocytes
A
Key players in the adaptive immune response, recognizing and responding to specific pathogens
24
Q
Function of T cells
A
Attack infected cells, regulate immune responses, and assist in memory cell formation
25
Function of B cells
Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens and facilitate immune memory
26
Function of natural killer cells
Detect and kill virus-infected cells and tumors without prior sensitization
27
Define hematocrit
percentage of blood volume that is made up of RBC's.
28
How does hematocrit relate to the formed elements
RBC's are the most abundant formed element so hematocrit is essentially the percentage of blood that is made up of formed elements
29
What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur?
blood cell formation; bone marrow
30
What is erythropoiesis? Where does it occur?
red blood cell formation; red bone marrow
31
What cell gives rise to erythrocytes?
hematopoietic stem cell
32
General steps of hematopoiesis
- starts at hematopoietic stem cells
- HSCs differentiate into colony forming units; RBCs, WBCs, or platelets
- CFUs develop into precursor cells; erythroblasts, myeloblasts, lymphoblasts, or monoblasts
- precursor cells further undergo maturation
- precursor cells mature into functional blood cells
33
At what stage of erythropoiesis is the nucleus ejected?
nucleus is ejected from the erythroblast; after the nucleus is ejected, the cell becomes a reticulocyte
34
What hormone triggers erythropoiesis? What organ does it come from?
erythropoietin (EPO); kidneys
35
Process of hemoglobin recycling and breakdown
- Red blood cells (RBCs) die after about 120 days
- Hemoglobin is broken down in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow
- Globin proteins are broken down into amino acids and recycled
- Heme group is split into iron and biliverdin
- Iron is stored in the liver or transported back to the bone marrow for new RBCs
- Biliverdin is converted into bilirubin
- Bilirubin is sent to the liver, processed, and excreted as bile in the intestines
- Bile helps digest fats and is eventually excreted in feces
36
What are the blood types?
A, B, AB, O (all with positive and negative versions)
37
What are antigens and antibodies circulating in the bodies of people with each blood type?
FIND DIAGRAM
38
What can each blood type donate to?
FIND DIAGRAM
39
What can each blood type receive?
FIND DIAGRAM
40
What happens if an incompatible blood type is given?
agglutination (RBC clumping) occurs
41
What is the Rh factor? How does this relate to blood type?
inherited protein found on the surface of RBC’s; determines if the blood type is negative or positive
42
What causes anemia?
not enough healthy RBC’s to transport oxygen, caused by not enough RBC’s being formed, bleeding, or RBC destruction
43
What causes sickle-cell disease?
genetic disorder that causes misshapen hemoglobin
44
What causes hemoglobinuria?
hemoglobin in urine making it brown/red due to too many RBC’s being broken down
45
What causes hematuria?
intact RBC in urine due to kidney damage or damage of blood vessels in urinary tract
46
What causes jaundice?
high levels of bilirubin are in blood which cause yellowing of skin color or eyes
47
What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?
a blood disorder that occurs when a mother’s immune system attacks the baby’s RBC’s during pregnancy
48
What are the 3 stages of hemostasis and what happens in them?
Vascular Phase (vasoconstriction): The blood vessels constrict immediately after injury to reduce blood flow and minimize blood loss. This is the initial response to blood vessel injury
Platelet Phase: Platelets adhere to the exposed collagen at the site of injury, become activated, and release chemicals to attract more platelets, forming a temporary "platelet plug" that seals the break in the vessel wall
Coagulation Phase: A series of clotting factors are activated in a cascade, leading to the transformation of prothrombin into thrombin, and fibrinogen into fibrin. The fibrin forms a mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug, leading to a solid blood clot
49
What is thrombosis?
abnormal blood clot in healthy vessel
50
What is emoblus?
if there is an increase in blood flow, a small piece of a thrombosis (embolus) may break through and clog an artery
