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BI 232 Wk 10 Final > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What is the difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit?

A

Pulmonary Circuit: carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and back to heart

Systemic Circuit: carried oxygenated blood from heart to rest of body and back to heart

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2
Q

What is the position and location of the heart?

A

Heart is between two pleural cavities in the mediastinum, surrounded by pericardial sac, the pericardial cavity contains pericardial fluid,
Apex: bottom of the heart toward bottom of L. Lung, inferior
Base: where great vessels leave, superior, between rib 2 and 3.

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3
Q

What is the pericardium and its function

A
  • a protective sac enclosing the heart that separates it from the lungs
  • anchors it within the thorax, allows the heart room to expand but resists excessive expansion, contains lubricating fluid to reduce friction
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4
Q

Function of the atria

A

receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart

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5
Q

Function of the ventricles

A

pumping chambers that eject blood into the arteries

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6
Q

Function of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves (AV valves)

A

prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular contraction

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7
Q

Function of the pulmonary and aortic valves (semilunar valves)

A

prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery and aorta into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

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8
Q

Function of the SA node

A

initiates the heartbeat and determines heart rate (primary pacemaker)

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9
Q

Function of the AV node

A

acts as an electrical gateway to the ventricles, slowing down the signal to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles

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10
Q

Differences between the right and left side of the heart

A

Right Side:
- Right atrium
- Tricuspid Valve
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Pulmonary trunk

Left Side (more muscular):
- Left atrium
- Bicuspid Valve
- Left ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve
- Ascending aorta
- Aortic arch
- Descending aorta

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11
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

A
  • Superior vena cava (deoxygenated blood droplet enters the heart)
  • Right atrium (blood fills the right atrium)
  • Tricuspid valve (blood passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle)
  • Right ventricle (Blood droplet fills the right ventricle)
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve (Blood droplet passes through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery)
  • Pulmonary artery (Droplet travels to the lungs through the pulmonary artery to get oxygenated)
  • Pulmonary veins (oxygenated droplet returns to the heart)
  • Left atrium (oxygenated blood enters the left atrium)
  • Bicuspid (mitral) valve (blood passes through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle)
  • Left ventricle (blood fills the left ventricle)
  • Aortic semilunar valve (blood passes through the aortic valve to the ascending aorta)
  • Ascending aorta (blood travels up the ascending aorta toward the aortic arch)
  • Aortic arch (blood travels down the aortic arch into the descending aorta)
  • Descending aorta (blood moves out of descending aorta to the rest of the body)
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12
Q

Describe the major blood vessels that supply the heart

A
  • Right coronary Artery
  • Left coronary Artery
  • Great cardiac Vein
  • Middle cardiac vein
  • Small cardiac vein
  • Anterior interventricular branch
  • Posterior interventricular branch
  • Circumflex branch
  • Marginal branch
  • Coronary sinus
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13
Q

What is the function of coronary circulation?

A

Provide blood flow and nutrients to cardiac muscle tissue

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14
Q

Define anastomoses, is there an anastomosis in the heart?

A
  • points where two blood vessels merge, providing alternative routes for blood flow if one vessel is blocked
  • yes they are present in the heart
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15
Q

What happens during Coronary Artery Disease?

A

areas of complete or partial blockage of coronary circulation, usually from fatty plaque deposits, leads to decrease in coronary circulation and can lead to myocardial infarction

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16
Q

What happens during myocardial infarction?

A

(heart attack) occurs when heart muscle is damaged or dies due to blocked blood flow , can lead to cardiac arrest but not always

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17
Q

What is the difference between autorhythmic cells and contractile cells in the heart?

A

Autorhythmic Cells: generates electrical impulses, do NOT contract, located in SA and AV node

Contractile Cells: responsible for actual contraction of heart muscle, located in heart muscle tissue, respond to electrical impulses

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18
Q

What do pacemaker and conducting cells do and where are they found?

A

Conducting Cells: found throughout myocardium, connect nodes/form internodal pathways, forming AV bundle and bundle branches in ventricles

Pacemaker Cells: Found in the SA Node, they are specialized cells in the heart that generate electrical impulses, regulating the heart’s rhythm and ensuring it beats at a consistent rate

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19
Q

Define prepotential (pacemaker potential)

A

gradual depolarization of pacemaker cells in the heart, leading up to the threshold for an action potential, which triggers the heart’s rhythmic beat. It helps regulate the heart rate

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20
Q

Describe how the conducting system works. How does the message get distributed throughout the heart?

A

1- SA Node activity and atrial activation begin
2 - Stimulus spreads across the atrial surfaces and reaches AV node
3 - Atrial contraction begins
4 - Impulse travels along interventricular septum within AV bundle and bundle branches to purkinje fibers by the moderator band to the papillary muscles of the right ventricle
5 - The impulse is distributed by purkinje fibers relayed throughout ventricular myocardium. Atrial contraction is completed and ventricular contraction begins

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21
Q

What are the differences between skeletal and cardiac cells?

A

Skeletal muscle cells: voluntary, multinucleated, long thin cells,

Cardiac muscle cells: involuntary, uninucleated, branched, intercalated discs

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22
Q

Why is it important for the cardiac cells to have a long absolute refractory period?

A

Long absolute refractory period is important because it gives time for chambers to fill with blood between contractions

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23
Q

What is an ECG and how does it relate to conduction? And what can you learn?

A

a test that records electrical activity of the heart by measuring electrical impulses. Can give insight to if there are arrhythmias that could lead to a MI

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24
Q

What does each part of the ECG represent?

A

P wave - atrial depolarization (atrial contraction)
QRS segment - ventricles depolarize (ventricular contraction)
T wave - ventricles repolarize (ventricles relax)

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25
How does pressure relate to flow?
- Pressure causes flow, resistance opposes it - Fluid only flows where there is a pressure gradient- fluid flows from high pressure to low pressure
26
What is happening during the Cardiac cycle in atrial systole
atria contracts, pushing blood into ventricles
27
What is happening during the Cardiac cycle in ventricular systole and atrial diastole
atria relax, ventricles contact, pushing blood through pulmonary/aortic semilunar into pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta pushing blood toward body and lungs respectively
28
What is happening during the Cardiac cycle in ventricular diastole
all heart valves close, blood passively comes in
29
What is isovolumetric contraction?
The phase when the ventricles contract with no change in volume because the valves are closed
30
What is isovolumetric relaxation?
The phase when the ventricles relax with no change in volume because the valves remain closed
31
What is happening on the left and the right sides of the heart during cardiac cycle?
Right Side - Diastole: RA receives deoxygenated blood from body via Sup. And Inf Vena Cava, blood flows into RV through tricuspid valve - Systole: RA contracts, pushing blood into RV. RV contracts pushing blood into lungs via pulmonary artery Left Side - Diastole: LA receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins, blood flows into LV through bicuspid valve - Systole: LA contracts, blood flows into LV, LV contracts and sends oxygenated blood to body via aorta
32
What events lead to the two major heart sounds?
- AV Valve closing - Semilunar Valves closing
33
Define cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in 1 minute
34
Define heart rate
number of heart beats in 1 minute
35
Equations for cardiac output stroke volume, and heart rate
CO = HR x SV SV = CO/HR HR = CO/SV
36
Define stroke volume
amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during each contraction
37
What factors affect heart rate?
- Autonomic Nervous System; Sympathetic nervous system - Circulating Hormones - Venous return and stretch receptors
38
What factors affect stroke volume?
end diastolic volume and end systolic volume
39
Define end diastolic volume
amount of blood in ventricle at end of diastole
40
Define end systolic volume
amount of blood after ventricular contraction
41
Equation to show how EDV and ESV is related to stroke volume
SV = EDV-ESV
42
What factors effect EDV?
filling time and rate of venous return
43
What is ejection fraction?
Measures the % of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
44
What is preload? What affects it?
- degree of stretching in ventricular muscle cells during diastole (proportional to EDV) - more stretch = more muscle force
45
What is afterload?
amount of tension that contracting ventricle must produce to force open semilunar valve to eject blood
46
What is the Frank-starling principle?
- More in, more out - increased EDV = increased Stroke Volume
47
How does the autonomic nervous system affect the heart?
Sympathetic: positive, NE / E to alpha beta receptors – stimulate contractile cells, increase metabolism, increase forceful contractions. Parasympathetic: negative, Ach lead to hyperpolarization less forceful contractions
48
Define afferent
carrying toward a central point
49
Define efferent
carrying away from a central point
50
What is the structure and function of arteries
Thick-walled vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure
51
What is the structure and function of capillaries
Tiny vessels where oxygen, nutrients, and waste exchange occurs between blood and tissues
52
What is the structure and function of veins
Larger vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, with lower pressure and valves to prevent backflow
53
What is the structure and function of venules
Tiny vessels where oxygen, nutrients, and waste exchange occurs between blood and tissues
54
What is the structure and function of arterioles
Small branches of arteries that regulate blood flow into capillaries
55
Blood vessel wall layers
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
56
What does the tunica intima contain?
endothelial cells, a thin layer in both arteries and veins; in arteries, it has a thicker elastic layer
57
What does the tunica media contain?
smooth muscle and elastic fibers; in arteries, it’s thicker and more elastic to handle high pressure, while veins have thinner smooth muscle
58
What does the tunica externa contain?
connective tissue; in veins, it’s thicker with more collagen, while arteries have a more elastic outer layer
59
What is endothelium?
A thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that line blood vessels
60
What is special about the simple squamous epithelium?
forms a smooth, non-thrombogenic surface for blood flow and regulates vessel function. Allows for gas exchange
61
What happened to the endothelium during inflammation?
Endothelial cells become more permeable, allowing white blood cells to pass through the vessel wall (diapedesis) to fight infection
62
What is the vasa vasorum?
Small blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the walls of larger blood vessels, like arteries and veins
63
What is elasticity?
The ability of a vessel to stretch and recoil in response to pressure changes
64
What is contractility?
The ability of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls to contract and change vessel diameter
65
What is vasoconstriction?
The narrowing of blood vessels due to smooth muscle contraction, reducing blood flow
66
What is vasodilation?
he widening of blood vessels due to smooth muscle relaxation, increasing blood flow
67
What can signal smooth muscles in arteries to contract?
Baroreceptors, hormones can signal smooth muscle in arteries to contract
68
What are the 3 main types of arteries?
elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles
69
Describe the three main types of arteries
Elastic Arteries: Large arteries, like the aorta, that have a high amount of elastic tissue to help them stretch and recoil with each heartbeat, maintaining continuous blood flow Muscular Arteries: Medium-sized arteries that have more smooth muscle than elastic fibers, allowing them to regulate blood flow by constricting or dilating Arterioles: Smallest arteries that control blood flow into capillaries by adjusting their diameter, primarily through smooth muscle contraction
70
Function of capillaries
tiny blood vessels that allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues
71
3 types of capillaries
continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
72
Describe continuous capillaries
Have tight junctions between cells, allowing only small molecules to pass; found in muscles and the brain
73
Describe fenestrated capillaries
Have small pores for easier movement of larger molecules; found in kidneys and intestines
74
Describe sinusoidal capillaries
Have large gaps between cells, allowing large molecules and blood cells to pass; found in the liver and spleen
75
Define precapillary sphincter
A muscle that controls blood flow into capillary beds
75
Define capillary bed
A network of capillaries that provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients
76
Define collaterals
Alternative pathways that blood can take if one route is blocked
77
Define anastomoses
Direct connections between blood vessels for alternative blood flow
78
Define angiogenesis
The process of forming new blood vessels
79
Key characteristics of veins
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart, have thinner walls, and contain valves to prevent backflow
80
3 types of veins
large veins, medium veins, venules
81
Describe medium veins
Smaller veins with valves, found in limbs
81
Describe large veins
Have thick walls and valves, like the inferior vena cava
82
Describe venules
Small veins that collect blood from capillaries
83
What is the purpose of venous valves? How do they work?
They prevent regurgitation, only allows for blood flow in one direction
84
What is a portal system?
network of blood vessels that carries blood from one capillary bed to another before returning to the heart
85
Examples of portal systems
Hepatic Portal System: Carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver Renal Portal System: Found in some animals (not humans), carrying blood between capillary beds in the kidneys
86
Where are baroreceptors and what do they detect?
Location: Found in the carotid sinus (near the carotid artery) and the aortic arch Function: Detects changes in blood pressure
87
Where are carotid bodies and what do they detect?
Location: Located near the bifurcation (branching) of the carotid arteries Function: Detects changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels
88
Where are aortic bodies and what do they detect?
Location: Located near the aortic arch Function: Detects changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels
89
Define flow
The volume of blood moving through a vessel in a given time
90
Define pressure
the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels
91
Define resistance
opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and vessel walls
92
Equation to show the relationship between flow, pressure and resistance
Flow = Pressure / Resistance
93
Define blood pressure and how it affects flow
94
Define capillary hydrostatic pressure and how it affects flow
pressure of blood against the walls of capillaries. It pushes fluid and small solutes out of the capillaries and into the interstitial fluid; increased CHP = increased fluid output
95
Define venous pressure and how it affects flow
blood pressure within the veins; increased venous pressure = increased venous return
96
Define total peripheral resistance and how it affects flow
total resistance to blood flow offered by all the blood vessels in the systemic circuit. It's affected by vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and total vessel length; increased TPR = decreased flow
97
Define vascular resistance and how it affects flow
resistance of the blood vessels to blood flow; increased resistance = decreased flow
98
98
Define blood viscosity and how it affects flow
thickness and stickiness of blood, mainly due to red blood cells and plasma proteins; high viscosity = low flow
99
Define turbulence and how it affects flow
Irregular blood flow, often caused by obstructions or sharp turns in blood vessels; increased turbulence = decreased flow
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BI 232 Wk 10 Final (3 decks)

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