blood Flashcards
(27 cards)
erythropoiesis process
SC - erythroblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte
lifespan of RBC
120 days
cause of Fe def anemia
- ↓ iron rich foods
(eg red meat, beans, leafy veg) - ↓ GI absorption
Due to ↓ stomach acid production or inflammation of GIT - ↑ body dd - children, pregnancy & lactation
- ↑ loss due to acute hemorrhage, chronic slow bleeding, ↑ hemolysis
what is hypochromic anemia
RBC appear paler than normal
what is microcytic anemia
smaller RBC
what is anisocytosis
unequally shaped RBC
signs/ symptoms of Fe def anemia
Sore tongue/ glossitis/ angular cheilitis/ yellowing of eyes
Pallor
Koilonychia
Pica
diagnosis for Fe def anemia
blood test
1. CBC - ↓ RBC, reticulocyte # (may show increase to compensate) & Hb
2. MCV - ↓
3. ↓ Fe & ferritin, ↑ TIBC, transferrin
treatment for Fe def anemia
- ↑ Fe intake
- IV Fe, IM Fe dextran
- severe - blood transfusion
coagulation process
- temporary plug at site of injury
- platelet plug attracts clotting factors
- activation of factor X to Xa, which activates prothrombin to thrombin
- thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
- which then activates plasminogen to plasmin, causing fibrinolysis
cause of DIC
- sepsis
- cancer
- toxin
- obstetric complications (amniotic fluid embolism, placental abruption)
- blood complications (incompatible organ, blood transfusion)
- trauma
treatment for DIC
- ↓ bleeding - heparin (anticoagulant)
- treat underlying cause
- sepsis - microbial agents - fresh frozen plasma & platelets, blood pdts, IV fluids
- supplemental O2
signs/ symptoms of DIC
- uncontrollable bleeding (mouth, gum, nose, stools, urine, puncture sites)
- hypoxia - ischemia - necrosis - stroke/ MI/ organ failure/ DVT/ PE
- bluish discoloration in nailbed/ fingers/ lip
- deep tissue bleeding - altered mental status, angina, dyspnea, palpitations, tachycardia, shock
signs/ symptoms of polycythemia
- headache, dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision
- itchy skin after a hot shower
what causes pri polycythemia
spontaneous mutation of gene
what causes sec polycythemia
tissue hypoxia (increased EPO)
- increased altitude
- lung - copd
- cyanotic HD
- meds eg EPO analogs, testosterone
- EPO-secreting tumours
RF of pri polycythemia
male, >50y
RF of sec polycythemia
obesity, smoking, alc, HTN
complications of polycythemia
- risk of thrombosis/ blood clots (cause DVT, PE, MI, stroke)
- risk of more RBC breakdown (gout, k stones)
- splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
treatment of polycythemia
- phlebotomy (500ml drawn every wk)
- IV fluids to decrease viscosity
- meds eg myelosuppressive agents, allopurinol, aspirin
- sec polycythemia: treat underlying condition eg stop smoking, remove EPO-secreting tumour
causes of thrombocytopenia
- ↓ Thrombocyte production (BM)
- ↑ Thrombocyte destruction (non-immune/ immune)
- non-immune (thrombocytic thrombocytopenia purpura, DIC)
- immune-mediated (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenia purpura) - ↓ Distribution of thrombocytes
- hypersplenism
- blood transfusion
signs/ symptoms of thrombocytopenia
- bruising easily
- petechiae/ purpura/ ecchymoses
- mucosal bleeding eg gum
- hypoxia/ ischemia/ necrosis/ stroke/ MI/ DVT/ PE
RF of thrombocytopenia
- meds eg heparin, aspirin
- immune diseases eg lupus, RA, infections, cancers
- alc
treatment for thrombocytopenia
- plasma xchange (TTP)
- discontinue heparin (HIT) , aspirin (since prolong bleeding)
- glucocorticoids (anti-inflammatory), IV immunoglobulin, splenectomy (ITP)
- platelet transfusion (severe haemorrhage)
- pt care - avoid BP cuffs, injections, rectal temp
