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PPNP 2 finals > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

spinal curvature seen in pregnant women

A

lordosis

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2
Q

spinal curvature seen in elderly

A

kyphosis

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3
Q

what are fasciculations

A

muscle twitching

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4
Q

what is muscle wasting

A

thinning or loss of muscle tissue
- after an injury
- OR due to muscle disease

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5
Q

what is bow leg

A

genu varum - deviate outward

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6
Q

what is knock knee

A

genu varus - deviate inward

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7
Q

what is pes planus

A

flat foot

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8
Q

what is pes cavus

A

arch of the foot is excessively elevated

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9
Q

hammer toe vs claw toes vs mallet toe?

A

hammer toe - middle joint
claw - top & middle joints
mallet - top joint

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10
Q

what are heberden nodes? and the condition associated w it?

A

bony growths in distal interphalangeal joints (OA)

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11
Q

what are bouchard nodes? and the condition associated w it?

A

bony growths in proximal interphalangeal joints (OA)

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12
Q

condition where nodule is along the ulnar surface

A

gouty tophi

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13
Q

condition? - swelling of the proximal interphalangeal joints

A

RA

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14
Q

condition? - bony growths in the distal interphalangeal joints

A

OA (heberden node)

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15
Q

condition? - bony growths in the proximal interphalangeal joints

A

OA (bouchard node)

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16
Q

mass over dorsum of the wrist

A

ganglion cyst

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17
Q

condition? - inflamed metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe

A

gouty arthritis

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18
Q

causes of gout

A
  1. fam hx
  2. ↑ uric acid levels in blood
    - ↑ RBC breakdown
    - ↑ purine formation
    - ↑ intake of purine-rich foods eg shellfish, alc, red meat, soda
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19
Q

signs/ symptoms of gout

A

podagra/ pain felt in the big toe upon waking up (Discomfort & swelling can last for a few days but Pain ↓ over time)

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20
Q

complications of gout

A
  1. gouty tophi (permanent deposition of urate crystals; nodules felt)
  2. kidney stones
  3. urate nephropathy (can lead to CKD)
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21
Q

diagnosis of gout

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. lab tests
    - hyperuricemia
    - elevated CRP, ESR (c rxtive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
  2. joint aspiration (test for presence of urate crystals in synovial fluid)
22
Q

diagnosis of gouty tophi

23
Q

treatment for acute gout

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. colchicine (fast relief - 24-36h)
  2. pain - NSAIDs
  3. glucocorticoids - prednisolone
24
Q

SE of colchicine

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. GI disturbances eg nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
  2. muscle weakness
  3. unusual bleeding
  4. change in urine amt
25
treatment for recurrent gout episodes
1. allopurinol/ febuxostat (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) 2. probenecid (uricosuric agent) *to start 2-3 weeks after acute attack
26
SE of allopurinol
1. AHS 2. SCAR
27
SE of probenecid
risk of urate k stones (increase water intake; alkaline potassium citrate)
28
treatment for RA
immunosuppressive agents 1. csDMARDs - MTX 2. bDMARDs - mab 3. tDMARDs - nib
29
SE of methotrexate
mouth ulcers, GI disturbances, hair loss, bone marrow suppression (opportunistic infections), liver toxicity *need folate supplementation
30
SE of infliximab
opportunistic infections tocilizumab - drug-drug interaction *need to screen for latent/ active TB
31
SE of tofacitinib
opportunistic infections *not to be combined w bDMARDs, but can w csDMARDs
32
cause of osteomyelitis
Staph Aureus
33
cause of osteomyelitis
staphlycoccus aureus - direct (trauma, open wound) - indirect (hematogenous/ contiguous spread eg cellulitis) - others (IV drug use, indwelling central catheter, prosthetic joint, gum disease)
34
what is chronic osteomyelitis
bone inflammation min 1 mth
35
complication of osteomyelitis
- local destruction of bone results in a necrotic bone, causing sequestrum where it separates itself from the healthy bone - lifts the periosteum - hematogenous spread to other bones
36
signs/ symptoms of osteomyelitis
local: bone pain, redness, warmth, swelling, restricted movt systemic: fever, chills, restlessness, headache, nausea, malaise
37
diagnosis of osteomyelitis
1. CBC - ↑ ESR/ CRP 2. x-ray (show thickening of bone, elevation of periosteum, osteopenia) 3. bone biopsy (cfm diagnosis, identify pathogen)
38
treatment of osteomyelitis
1. contact precaution 2. empirical therapy (before culture results) 3. definitive therapy - IV Ab, then oral for long-term treatment (acute - 4-6 wks) Ab: penicillin, ceftriaxone, cefazolin, vancomycin for MRSA, quinolones, clindamycin, linezolid, rifampin, carbapenems
39
SE of vancomycin
VAN goes to ears & kidneys ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
40
SE of ciprofloxacin
kills good intestinal flora and increases risk of C diff infection (diarrhoea)
41
diarthrodial joint example
free to move wrist, elbow, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles
42
amphiarthrodial joint example
spine
43
synarthrodial joint example
skull
44
what type of joint does skull have
fibrous/ synarthrodial
45
what type of joint do elbows have
synovial/ diarthrodial
46
what type of joint does the spine have
cartilage/ amphiarthrodial
47
pathology of osteoarthritis
articular cartilage wears out - areas of max stress develop fibrillations (cracks)/ cartilage erosion - at the same time, bone grows outwards and forms osteophytes/ bony spurs
48
cause and RF of osteoarthritis
cause: wear and tear caused by stress on the joints RF: age > 50y, obesity, females (low estrogen), overuse, fam hx, associated med conditions eg DM, sclerosis, sickles cell anemia
49
signs/ symptoms of osteoarthritis
1. joint pain (increase with activity, in the evening, during weather changes) 2. joint stiffness (30 min after waking up) 3. joint swelling (bouchard, heberden nodes) 4. osteophytes
50
treatment of osteoarthritis
goal: reduce damage progression (no pain is unrealistic); manage underlying condition 1. losing weight 2. instability devices 3. pain - NSAIDs, glucocorticoids 4. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid 5. surgery - total joint arthroplasty, osteotomy
51
diagnosis of osteoarthritis
- x-ray - cartilage erosion/ loss & narrowing of joint space - blood test (to identify the type of arthritis) - show no signs of inflammation - arthrocentesis of synovial fluid - clear

PPNP 2 finals (5 decks)

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