Blood

Question 1

What is serum?

Answer 1

Plasma minus clotting factors

Question 2

What is plasma?

Answer 2

Serum plus clotting factors

Question 3

Where are all blood cells derived from?

Answer 3

Multipotential haemopoietic cell (myeloid or lymphoid)

Question 4

Which is the universal accepter of blood?

Answer 4

AB

Question 5

Which is the universal donor of blood?

Answer 5

O

Question 6

Rhesus blood group is dependent on?

Answer 6

D antigen being present

Question 7

What % of blood is plasma?

Answer 7

55%

Question 8

Albumin in the range of what?

Answer 8

35-50g/l protein

Question 9

Immunoglobulins amount?

Answer 9

15g/l

Question 10

Fibrinogen amount?

Answer 10

3-5g/l

Question 11

What does iron deficiency anaemia lead to?

Answer 11

Macrocytic, pale and small RBC low Haemoglobin

Question 12

B12 or folate deficiency may lead to what anaemia?

Answer 12

Macrocytic or megoblastic

Question 13

Rh + is common or rare?

Answer 13

Common

Question 14

Rh- is common or rare?

Answer 14

rare

Question 15

haemolytic anaemia could be caused by?

Answer 15

Acquired or inherited, is due to destruction of the cells. sickle cell and thallasaemia.

Question 16

Factor ten does what?

Answer 16

Prothrombin to thrombin and then thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 17

Factor 13 is important in doing what?

Answer 17

consolidation of the clot?

Question 18

Platelets are made by what?

Answer 18

megakaryocytes

Question 19

What does injury expose which causes platelet expression?

Answer 19

Sub endothelial collagen

Question 20

Platelets bind to what? via GPVI and GP1 and VWF

Answer 20

Collagen

Question 21

What do platelets release after binding?

Answer 21

Thromboxane, and ADP causes further activation through binding P2Y and TP receptors

Question 22

What is major bleeding defined as?

Answer 22

more than half a litre

Question 23

what is DIC

Answer 23

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is due to sepsis, small clots forming in the microvasculature, clotting factors and platelets used up.

Question 24

Spontaneous bleeding can be caused by

Answer 24

factor deficiencey, vit K, or thrombocytopenia.

Question 25

Vitamin K modifies what on platelet membranes

Answer 25

modifies glutamic acid to gamma carboxyglutamic aicd and binds phospholipids via ca2+

Question 26

haemophillia A is a deficiency in what?

Answer 26

Factor 8 (cofactor)

Question 27

haemophillia B is a deficiency in what?

Answer 27

Factor 9 (conversion)

Question 28

most common bleeding disorder is?

Answer 28

Von willebrand

Question 29

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 29

lack of platelets

Question 30

von willebrand factor is produced

Answer 30

Weibel - palade bodies

Question 31

What does VWF do?

Answer 31

Stabilise factor 8 platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion

Question 32

What is virchows triad?

Answer 32

Hypercoaguability, stasis, endothelial injury

Question 33

What can factor 5 leiden lead to?

Answer 33

Risk of DVT resistance to protein C

Question 34

What is protein C?

Answer 34

Inactivates factors 5 and 8 (thrombolitic)

Question 35

Protein s is the cofactor for what?

Answer 35

Protein C

Question 36

Thrombin inhibitors include

Answer 36

melgatran and dabigatran

Question 37

what does heparin do?

Answer 37

helps anti thrombin to inhibit thrombin and factor X

Question 38

A haemoglobin level of less than what in men is indicative of anaemia?

Answer 38

13.5g/l

Question 39

A haemoglobin level of less than what in women is indicative of anaemia?

Answer 39

11g/l

Question 40

Most common cause of anaemia is?

Answer 40

iron deficiency

Question 41

Inherited condition causing hameolytic anaemia affects what part of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 41

alpha and beta spectrin (spherocytosis)

Question 42

Alpha thallasaemia is caused by large what of the chains?

Answer 42

deletion

Question 43

Beta thallasaemia is caused by what of beta chains?

Answer 43

point mutations

Question 44

Sickle cell anaemia is caused by what mutation?

Answer 44

Glu-val