Pharmacology

Question 1

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 1

The effect of the body on the drug (site of action and excretion)

Question 2

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 2

The effect the drugs has on the body

Question 3

Two different ways of drug movement what are they?

Answer 3

Bulk transfer (blood) and diffusion (through lipids)

Question 4

What is the influence of pH on drugs?

Answer 4

Many drugs are weak acids/bases, therefore ionisation is dependent on the pH. if hydrophillic, needs transport.

Question 5

What is volume distribution necessary for?

Answer 5

Desired blood concentration

Question 6

Where are most drugs absorbed from?

Answer 6

Small intestine, gastric motility affects the speed of onset and disease can slow the gut down

Question 7

What is an example of a heavily protein bound drug?

Answer 7

warfarin

Question 8

What protein are most drugs bound to/

Answer 8

Albumin

Question 9

changes in plasma binding are significant if more than what % of drug is bound to protein?

Answer 9

> 90%

Question 10

What factors can affect the amount of drug bound?

Answer 10

Renal disease higher amount of urea, late pregnancy due to less albumin, displacement by other drugs and saturability of the plasma.

Question 11

What is the predominant metabolism of the liver?

Answer 11

Cytochrome P450

Question 12

What is phase one of metabolism?

Answer 12

Oxidation/reduction more active products

Question 13

What is the second phase of metabolism?

Answer 13

Conjugation to form inactive and readily excretable forms

Question 14

What is first pass metabolism?

Answer 14

Some drugs are inactivated the first time the pass through the liver!

Question 15

A drug that undergoes extensive first pass metabolism and needs other routes of admin?

Answer 15

GTN

Question 16

Erythromycin can cause higher levels of what drug due to inactivation of bacteria that break it down?

Answer 16

Digoxin and oral contraceptives

Question 17

Main site of elimination is what?

Answer 17

Kidneys, bile and sweat

Question 18

What is the therapeutic index?

Answer 18

Difference between lethal and desired effects

Question 19

In the autonomic nervous system the length of sympathetic is?

Answer 19

short presynaptic

Question 20

In the autonomic nervous system the length of parasympathetic is?

Answer 20

Long presynaptic

Question 21

2 types of cholinergic receptors ?

Answer 21

Nicotinic (post synaptic in the autonomic ganglia = excitatory

Muscarinic in the sweat glands, 5 types all are GPCR- ligand binding

Question 22

Noradrenaline and adrenaline are synthesised by which amino acid?

Answer 22

Tyrosine

Question 23

Alpha 1 receptors activate what?

Answer 23

Phospholipase C goes to Ip3 and DAg

Question 24

Alpha 2 inhibits what?

Answer 24

cAMP

Question 25

All beta receptors stimulate to produce and increase in what?

Answer 25

cAMP

Question 26

Beta 2 agonist does what?

Answer 26

bronchodilates

Question 27

Beta 1 and 2 antagonist does what?

Answer 27

blocks (propranolol)

Question 28

Selective Beta 1 antagonist?

Answer 28

Atenolol

Question 29

What is clearance of a drug?

Answer 29

Removal of drug from plasma /body completely per unit time

Question 30

What can EC50 be used to work out?

Answer 30

Potency of a drug

Question 31

What is EC50 ?

Answer 31

the concentration of a drug, antibody or toxicant which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time. (50% of people receiving this dose will have an effect)

Question 32

After the age of 30 the creatinine clearance reduces by how many mls per decade in 2/3rd population?

Answer 32

8mls

Question 33

What should you assume in every elderly patient?

Answer 33

They have at least mild renal impairment

Question 34

an eGFR of

Answer 34

Established renal failure

Question 35

Normal eGFR

Answer 35

>90ml/min