Blood

Question 1

What is the normal blood volume?

Answer 1

Five liters

Question 2

A major function of the blood is the removal of what?

Answer 2

Metabolic Waste

Question 3

Blood plasma is 90% what?

Answer 3

Water

Question 4

60% of the protein found in blood plasma is found in what?

Answer 4

Albumin

Question 5

What is the major contributor to osmotic pressure?

Answer 5

Albumin

Question 6

____, _____, and ____ are the ‘formed elements’.

Answer 6

1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes
3. Thrombocytes

Question 7

____, or red blood cells, are small cells that are biconcave in shape.

Answer 7

Erythrocytes

Question 8

Erythrocytes major function is to carry the oxygen-binding protein ______.

Answer 8

Hemoglobin

Question 9

Blood Cell formation (____) occurs in the _____.

Answer 9

Hematopoiesis; Red Bone Marrow

Question 10

After a hematopoietic stem cell’s descendent becomes committed to forming red blood cells, it begins to divide rapidly and fills with _____, which will be needed to synthesize hemoglobin.

Answer 10

Ribosomes

Question 11

What happens if there are too few erythrocytes in one’s blood?

Answer 11

Tissues will not receive enough oxygen

Question 12

An insufficient number of functional erythrocytes in the blood is called what?

Answer 12

Anemia

Question 13

An excess number of erythrocytes in the blood is called what?

Answer 13

Polycythemia

Question 14

Iron is required in the diet because it is needed to make what?

Answer 14

heme

Question 15

As erythrocytes become old and damaged, they tend to become trapped in the smallest capillaries of the _____, where they are destroyed by _____. (This also occurs to a lesser extent in the liver and in bone marrow.)

Answer 15

Spleen; Macrophages

Question 16

Bilirubin is yellow, and if heme breakdown is excessive or if its excretion is impaired, the result is _____, a visible yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes, etc.

Answer 16

Jaundice

Question 17

There are three types of granulocyte: _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 17

1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils

Question 18

There are two types of agranulocyte: _____ and _____.

Answer 18

Lymphocytes; monocytes

Question 19

The most common type of leukocyte are ____.

Answer 19

Neutrophils

Question 20

The main function of neutrophils is to what?

Answer 20

Kill bacteria

Question 21

Eosinophils are found in large numbers in the columnar epithelia of the _____, _____, and _____, where they guard against entry of foreign invaders into the body.

Answer 21

skin, lung, and GI tract

Question 22

The two least common leukocytes in blood are the _____ and _____, which together account for less than 4% of all leukocytes.

Answer 22

Basophils; Eosinophils

Question 23

Basophils release _____, which dilates blood vessels (and attracts other leukocytes) so that the immune system can reach and attack an invading organism.

Answer 23

Histamine

Question 24

__ ______ are agranulocytes which directly attack viral-infected and tumor cells.

Answer 24

T Lymphocytes

Question 25

___ _____ are agranulocytes which differentiate into cells which produce antibodies.

Answer 25

B Lymphocytes

Question 26

_____ are agranulocytes which become _____ (‘large eaters’), cells with two important functions: eating invaders and activating lymphocytes so that they too can defend the body.

Answer 26

Monocytes; Macrophages

Question 27

Most blood cells die within days or weeks, but monocytes may live for _____ and some lymphocytes live for _____.

Answer 27

Months; years

Question 28

_____ refers to cancer in which an abnormal white blood cell fails to fully differentiate and begins to divide uncontrollably. Untreated, these cancers are always fatal.

Answer 28

Leukemia

Question 29

Formation of the megakaryocytes involves repeated mitoses of megakaryoblasts without _____.

Answer 29

Cytokinesis

Question 30

_____ literally means ‘blood stopping,’ and is the formal name for the process which prevents blood loss after injury.

Answer 30

Hemostasis

Question 31

The second response of the body to a break in a blood vessel requires platelets, which ____ __ _____.

Answer 31

Form a plug

Question 32

Vitamin _____, which is made by bacteria in the gut, is needed for the formation of several _____ and so is essential if blood is to clot normally.

Answer 32

K; Clotting factors

Question 33

The final, major steps in blood clotting are formation of _____, conversion of prothrombin to _____, and the formation of a(n) _____ mesh from fibrinogen in the plasma.

Answer 33

Prothrombin Activator; thrombin; fibrin

Question 34

A deficiency in circulating platelets (‘_____’), failure of the liver to synthesize clotting factors, or a genetic defect in one or more of the clotting factors (‘_____’) all lead to bleeding disorders.

Answer 34

Thrombocytopenia; Hemophilia

Question 35

The _____ blood groups are based on the presence or absence of two types of antigens on the erythrocyte’s surface.

Answer 35

ABO

Question 36

_____’ means ‘glued together.’

Answer 36

Agglutinate

Question 37

The percentage of erythrocytes (by volume) is called the _____.

Answer 37

Hematocrit

Question 38

Blood that has been centrifuged separates into three layers: _____, _____ and _____.

Answer 38

Erythrocytes; the buffy coat; plasma

Question 39

The ‘buffy coat’ seen in centrifuged blood is composed of _____ ____ ____and _____.

Answer 39

White Blood Cells; platelets

Question 40

Leukocytes and platelets account for less than _____ of the blood’s volume: the remainder is _____ (~ 55%) and _____ (~ 45%).

Answer 40

1%; Plasma; Erythrocytes

Question 41

Fetal blood cells form hemoglobin-F, which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin-A, allowing fetal blood to ____ ____ from maternal blood.

Answer 41

Accept oxygen