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BIOL 224 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Transport of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, salutes, ions and metabolic wastes
  2. Preserving acid base homeostasis
  3. Maintain body temperature. Distribute heat
  4. Clotting
  5. Immune functions
  6. Stabilize blood pressure - BV plays a role in determining this
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2
Q

Arterial stick

A

Artery collection of blood

Radial is common
-measure O2 level

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3
Q

Venipuncture

A

Collection of blood from vein

Median cubical

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4
Q

Why venipuncture vs arterial stick?

A
  1. Vein is thinner = easier to puncture
  2. Easy to locate, closer to surface
  3. Lower pressure - seals quicker than artery
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5
Q

WBC %

N, L, M, E, B

A 
N (60-70)
L (25-30)
M (3-8)
E (2-4)
B (0.5-1)
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6
Q

Buffy coat

A

Platelets and leukocytes

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7
Q

Formed elements (RBC)

A

45%

4.8- 5.4 million

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8
Q

Platelets

A

150-400K

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9
Q

WBC count

A

5-10K

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10
Q

Physical characteristic

A

-8% body weight
-Volume: males: 5-6 L
females: 4-5 L
Ph: 7.35-7.45

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11
Q

Hypervolemic vs hypovolemic

A

Hyper is higher than normal

Hypo is lower than normal

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12
Q

Color: deoxygenated vs oxygenated

A

OXY - bright red (arterial)

DEOXY - dark red (venous)

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13
Q

Whole blood

A

When composition is unaltered

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14
Q

Serum

A

Plasma with clotting factors removed

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15
Q

Packed cell volume

A

% of blood comprised of formed elements 45% of blood volume (BV)

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16
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of blood compromised of RBC

Males: 40-54%
Females: 37-47%

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17
Q

Polycythemia

A

Abnormally high hematocrit

Makes blood viscous

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18
Q

Plasma %

A

55

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19
Q

Plasma composition

A 
Water: 90-92%
Plasma proteins: 7%
- albumins, fibrinogens, globulins
Solutes: 1%
- electrolytes (Na, K, Mg, Cl, HCO, Ca)
- glucose and amino acids
- gases: O2 and CO2
- metabolic waste: urea, ammonia, bilirubin, uric acid, creatine 
- regulatory substances: hormones, enzymes and vitamins
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20
Q

Plasma proteins

A

90% made in liver
Too big to dissolve, remain in solution as colloid

(Albumins, globulins, fibrinogens)

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21
Q

Albumins

A

58%
Determines BCOP and regulates capillary exchange
Transports fatty acids and thyroid hormones

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22
Q

Globulins

A 
38%
Alpha: 
-protect against inflammation
-transport thyroid and steroid hormones
-coverts Fe2 -> Fe3 (take away ionic e-)

Beta:

  • transferrin, transports iron
  • beta lipoproteins, transports lipids
  • complement proteins

Gamma:
-involved in immunity (antibodies)

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23
Q

Fibrinogen

A

4%

Clotting protein

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24
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells

  • occurs in red bone marrow
  • begins with hemocytoblasts
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25
Q

Hemacytoblast

A

Multi potent stem cell

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26
Q

Erythropoiesis vs leukopoiesis

A

Formation of both ‘cytes’

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27
Q

1st step of erythropoiesis

A

HEMOCYTOBLAST: can be any formed element

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28
Q

2nd step of hematopoiesis

A

ERYTHROCYTE - CFU: cell is committed to becoming an erythrocytes

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29
Q

3rd step of hematopoiesis

A

PROERYTHROBLAST: requires hormone erythropoietin

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30
Q

4th step of erythropoiesis

A

EARLY ERYTHROBLAST:

rapid synthesis of hemoglobin

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31
Q

5th step of erythropoiesis

A

LATE ERYTHROBLAST:

nucleus shrinks and is ejected with other organelles

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32
Q

6th step of erythropoiesis

A

RETICULOCYTE:

remaining organelles ejected, cell enters blood stream

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33
Q

7th step of erythropoeisis

A

ERYTHROCYTE:

mature cell now

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34
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone that regulates RBC synthesis

-increases production in 2 ways

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35
Q

Increased RBC production:

A
  • increased formation of proerythroblasts (more produced)

- increased rate of proerythroblast maturation

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36
Q

Erythrocyte characteristics:

A
  • Biconcave disc
  • large surface area to volume ratio
  • able to form stacks (rouleaux)
  • cells are flexible (allowing passage trough small capillaries)
  • mature human erythrocytes don’t have a nucleus, mitochondria or ribosomes. (No DNA to make protein, no mitosis)
  • can make O2 with glycolysis ATP?
37
Q

Mitochondria

A

None to stop from consuming O2 to make ATP

38
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein with 4 subunits

  • each subunit has a polypeptide and a heme group (pigment)
  • 4 globin units (protein) 2 alpha + 2 beta
  • 4 heme units (red pigment)
  • each contains an iron ion binds O2
39
Q

3 forms of hemoglobin:

A

Embryonic: develops first
Fetal: replaces by 3rd mon. Gestation
Adult: embryonic and fetal have higher affinity for O2

40
Q

Oxyhemoglobin vs Deoxyhemoglobin

A

OXY - WITH O2 bound (bright)

DEOXY - WITHOUT O2 bound (dark)

41
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin without CO2 bound

42
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin with CO bound

- CO binds to iron and prevents O2 from binding

43
Q

Erythrocyte breakdown

A
  1. RBC death and phagocytosis
  3. Globulin breaks down to amino acids they’re recycled for protein
  4. Fe binds to transferrin - transportation
  5. Fe transported to liver and spleen and stored as FERRITIN
  6. To transport Fe binds again to transferrin
  7. Fe transported to red bone marrow
  8. Erythropoiesis requires Fe, globin, erythropoietin
  9. Heme pigment converts to bilverdin (green) then bilirubin (yellow)
  10. Bilirubin goes to liver
  11. Bile carries bilirubin to small intestine
  12. Bacteria converts bilirubin into urobilinogen
  13. Urobilin sent to kidney, yellow urine
44
Q

Eosinophil

A

Stain with acidic dye, should stain pink

  • bilobed? Nucleus
  • attack large parasites
  • sensitive to allergies
  • produce histamines to release information –> breaks it down
45
Q

Basophils

A

Stain with basic dye
-produce histamine and heparin
His: increased inflammation vasodilator
Hep: anticoagulant enhances effects of most cells

46
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Take up both stains equally
-polymorphonuclear cell     PNN??
Nucleus has 3-5 lobes
-destroy bacteria
-produce lysosomal enzyme/digest bacteria
-produce respiratory burst/creates H2O2
-phagocytic cell
-pus forming (dead bacteria, cell debris, dead WBC)
47
Q

Monocytes

A 
Leave blood to become macrophage
Elevated in chronic infections
Stimulate other cells
1. Release chemical messengers 
2. Phagocyrize and present to lymphocytes

Atract fibroblasts - creates scar tissue, isolates infection

48
Q

Lymphocytes

A

3 types:
T cells - cellular immunity
B cells - antibody immunity
Natural killer cells - immunological surveillance (NK)

49
Q

Platelets

A

Not “true” cells, fragments of larger cell = MEGAKARYOCYTE
life span - 5-9 days
Removed by spleen and liver
About 30% stored for emergencies

50
Q

Thrombolytopenia

A

Low platelets

51
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

High platelets

52
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stops bleeding, prevents hemorrhage (massive blood loss)

53
Q

Hemostasis events:

A 
Vascular spasm
Platelets plug formation
Coagulation
Clot retraction
Thrombolysis
54
Q

Vascular spasm

A
  • Vessel is injured
  • Blood leaks into ECF
  • Vessel spasms and leaked blood INCREASES tissue pressure in IF, which DECREASES blood flow and blood loss
55
Q

Platelet plug formation

A
  1. Endothelial cells release Willebrand factor (vWF)
  2. vWF allows platelets to stick to the collagen fibers in the vessel wall
  3. Fibrinogen binds to platelets
56
Q

Platelet Release Reaction

A

Release ADP and thromboxane. These chemicals bind to the platelets and activate them. This creates a positive feedback loop to activate more and more platelets

57
Q

Platelet aggregation

A

Fibrinogen connects platelets to one another to form the platelet plug (temporary)

58
Q

Coagulation

A

Process that forms a blood clot
Clotting factors get activated and convert to enzymes
-requires numerous clotting factors (I-XIII)
-clotting factors must be activated to function(as enzymes)

59
Q

Blood clot

A

Network of fibrin that traps blood cells, fluid and platelets

60
Q

Two pathways of coagulation

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic –> both lead to common pathway

61
Q

Extrinsic vs intrinsic pathways

A

E beings with tissue factor
I begins with factor XII

-both end by activating factors X to factor a a

62
Q

Common pathway

A
  1. Factor Xa causes release of prothrombinase
  2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin (inactive to active)
  3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
63
Q

Fibrinogen vs Fibrin

A

Ogen - H2O soluble
Brin- NOT H2O soluble

*fibrin keeps clot from washing away

64
Q

Clot retraction

A

Actin and myosin in platelets contract and squeez serum out of the clot.
-pulls edges of wound together and helps dry clot out

65
Q

Thrombolysis

A
  1. Endothelial cells release tissue
    Plasminogen activator? (TPA)?
  2. TPA activates plasminogen into plasmin
  3. Plasmin degrades c…..!!
66
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Decreases clotting by various factors

67
Q

Heparin

A

Blocks thrombin

68
Q

Asplirin

A

Blocks thromboxane

69
Q

Warfarin

A

Vitamin K antagonist (blocks formation of 4 clotting factors

70
Q

Thrombosis

A

Clotting in an unbroken vessel (no wound)

71
Q

Thrombus

A

Attached clot

72
Q

Deep Vein Thrombus

A

Typically in legs

73
Q

Embolus

A

Clot, airbubble, fat debris – traveling in blood

74
Q

Agglutinogens

A

Antigen on erythrocyte surface

75
Q

Agglutinins

A

Antibodies in plasma

-bind to antigen

76
Q

ABO groups

A

Determine blood type
2 types of antigen A and B

(A, B, AB, O)

77
Q

Rh blood group

A

Determining Rh+ or Rh-
-D antigen
Rh+ has D antigen
Rh- doesn’t have D antigen

78
Q

Type A

A

A antigen

Anti B antibody

79
Q

Type B

A

B antigen

Anti A antibody

80
Q

Type AB

A

Both antigens either antibody

81
Q

Universal donor

A

O-

82
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

Problems rarely develop during 1st pregnancy because enter maternal circulation thus mothers immune system is not stimulated, exposure to fetal HBI

83
Q

Rhogam

A

Shot given to Rh- mom 26 weeks/birth

Stops mom from making anti D antibodies

84
Q

Anemia

A

Decreased O2 carrying ability

85
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

RBC can’t produce functional hemoglobin and are unusually small.
Affects ability to bind and transport oxygen

86
Q

Pernicious anemia

A 
Vitamin B12 (lacking) prevents normal stem cell division in red bone marrow
Fewer # of RBC, often large and misshapen
87
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

Excessive loss of RBC from bleeding

88
Q

Hemolytic

A

Plasma membranes of RBC rupture

89
Q

Aplastic

A

Bone marrow stops making RBC

BIOL 224 (5 decks)

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