Blood Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Functions of blood
A
- Transport of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, salutes, ions and metabolic wastes
- Preserving acid base homeostasis
- Maintain body temperature. Distribute heat
- Clotting
- Immune functions
- Stabilize blood pressure - BV plays a role in determining this
2
Q
Arterial stick
A
Artery collection of blood
Radial is common
-measure O2 level
3
Q
Venipuncture
A
Collection of blood from vein
Median cubical
4
Q
Why venipuncture vs arterial stick?
A
- Vein is thinner = easier to puncture
- Easy to locate, closer to surface
- Lower pressure - seals quicker than artery
5
Q
WBC %
N, L, M, E, B
A
N (60-70) L (25-30) M (3-8) E (2-4) B (0.5-1)
6
Q
Buffy coat
A
Platelets and leukocytes
7
Q
Formed elements (RBC)
A
45%
4.8- 5.4 million
8
Q
Platelets
A
150-400K
9
Q
WBC count
A
5-10K
10
Q
Physical characteristic
A
-8% body weight
-Volume: males: 5-6 L
females: 4-5 L
Ph: 7.35-7.45
11
Q
Hypervolemic vs hypovolemic
A
Hyper is higher than normal
Hypo is lower than normal
12
Q
Color: deoxygenated vs oxygenated
A
OXY - bright red (arterial)
DEOXY - dark red (venous)
13
Q
Whole blood
A
When composition is unaltered
14
Q
Serum
A
Plasma with clotting factors removed
15
Q
Packed cell volume
A
% of blood comprised of formed elements 45% of blood volume (BV)
16
Q
Hematocrit
A
% of blood compromised of RBC
Males: 40-54%
Females: 37-47%
17
Q
Polycythemia
A
Abnormally high hematocrit
Makes blood viscous
18
Q
Plasma %
A
55
19
Q
Plasma composition
A
Water: 90-92% Plasma proteins: 7% - albumins, fibrinogens, globulins Solutes: 1% - electrolytes (Na, K, Mg, Cl, HCO, Ca) - glucose and amino acids - gases: O2 and CO2 - metabolic waste: urea, ammonia, bilirubin, uric acid, creatine - regulatory substances: hormones, enzymes and vitamins
20
Q
Plasma proteins
A
90% made in liver
Too big to dissolve, remain in solution as colloid
(Albumins, globulins, fibrinogens)
21
Q
Albumins
A
58%
Determines BCOP and regulates capillary exchange
Transports fatty acids and thyroid hormones
22
Q
Globulins
A
38% Alpha: -protect against inflammation -transport thyroid and steroid hormones -coverts Fe2 -> Fe3 (take away ionic e-)
Beta:
- transferrin, transports iron
- beta lipoproteins, transports lipids
- complement proteins
Gamma:
-involved in immunity (antibodies)
23
Q
Fibrinogen
A
4%
Clotting protein
24
Q
Hematopoiesis
A
Formation of blood cells
- occurs in red bone marrow
- begins with hemocytoblasts
25
Hemacytoblast
Multi potent stem cell
26
Erythropoiesis vs leukopoiesis
Formation of both 'cytes'
27
1st step of erythropoiesis
HEMOCYTOBLAST: can be any formed element
28
2nd step of hematopoiesis
ERYTHROCYTE - CFU: cell is committed to becoming an erythrocytes
29
3rd step of hematopoiesis
PROERYTHROBLAST: requires hormone erythropoietin
30
4th step of erythropoiesis
EARLY ERYTHROBLAST:
| rapid synthesis of hemoglobin
31
5th step of erythropoiesis
LATE ERYTHROBLAST:
| nucleus shrinks and is ejected with other organelles
32
6th step of erythropoiesis
RETICULOCYTE:
| remaining organelles ejected, cell enters blood stream
33
7th step of erythropoeisis
ERYTHROCYTE:
| mature cell now
34
Erythropoietin
Hormone that regulates RBC synthesis
| -increases production in 2 ways
35
Increased RBC production:
- increased formation of proerythroblasts (more produced)
| - increased rate of proerythroblast maturation
36
Erythrocyte characteristics:
- Biconcave disc
- large surface area to volume ratio
- able to form stacks (rouleaux)
- cells are flexible (allowing passage trough small capillaries)
- mature human erythrocytes don't have a nucleus, mitochondria or ribosomes. (No DNA to make protein, no mitosis)
- can make O2 with glycolysis ATP?
37
Mitochondria
None to stop from consuming O2 to make ATP
38
Hemoglobin
Protein with 4 subunits
- each subunit has a polypeptide and a heme group (pigment)
- 4 globin units (protein) 2 alpha + 2 beta
- 4 heme units (red pigment)
- each contains an iron ion binds O2
39
3 forms of hemoglobin:
Embryonic: develops first
Fetal: replaces by 3rd mon. Gestation
Adult: embryonic and fetal have higher affinity for O2
40
Oxyhemoglobin vs Deoxyhemoglobin
OXY - WITH O2 bound (bright)
| DEOXY - WITHOUT O2 bound (dark)
41
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin without CO2 bound
42
Carboxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin with CO bound
| - CO binds to iron and prevents O2 from binding
43
Erythrocyte breakdown
1. RBC death and phagocytosis
2.
3. Globulin breaks down to amino acids they're recycled for protein
4. Fe binds to transferrin - transportation
5. Fe transported to liver and spleen and stored as FERRITIN
6. To transport Fe binds again to transferrin
7. Fe transported to red bone marrow
8. Erythropoiesis requires Fe, globin, erythropoietin
9. Heme pigment converts to bilverdin (green) then bilirubin (yellow)
10. Bilirubin goes to liver
11. Bile carries bilirubin to small intestine
12. Bacteria converts bilirubin into urobilinogen
13. Urobilin sent to kidney, yellow urine
44
Eosinophil
Stain with acidic dye, should stain pink
- bilobed? Nucleus
- attack large parasites
- sensitive to allergies
- produce histamines to release information --> breaks it down
45
Basophils
Stain with basic dye
-produce histamine and heparin
His: increased inflammation vasodilator
Hep: anticoagulant enhances effects of most cells
46
Neutrophils
```
Take up both stains equally
-polymorphonuclear cell PNN??
Nucleus has 3-5 lobes
-destroy bacteria
-produce lysosomal enzyme/digest bacteria
-produce respiratory burst/creates H2O2
-phagocytic cell
-pus forming (dead bacteria, cell debris, dead WBC)
```
47
Monocytes
```
Leave blood to become macrophage
Elevated in chronic infections
Stimulate other cells
1. Release chemical messengers
2. Phagocyrize and present to lymphocytes
```
Atract fibroblasts - creates scar tissue, isolates infection
48
Lymphocytes
3 types:
T cells - cellular immunity
B cells - antibody immunity
Natural killer cells - immunological surveillance (NK)
49
Platelets
Not "true" cells, fragments of larger cell = MEGAKARYOCYTE
life span - 5-9 days
Removed by spleen and liver
About 30% stored for emergencies
50
Thrombolytopenia
Low platelets
51
Thrombocytosis
High platelets
52
Hemostasis
Stops bleeding, prevents hemorrhage (massive blood loss)
53
Hemostasis events:
```
Vascular spasm
Platelets plug formation
Coagulation
Clot retraction
Thrombolysis
```
54
Vascular spasm
- Vessel is injured
- Blood leaks into ECF
- Vessel spasms and leaked blood INCREASES tissue pressure in IF, which DECREASES blood flow and blood loss
55
Platelet plug formation
1. Endothelial cells release Willebrand factor (vWF)
2. vWF allows platelets to stick to the collagen fibers in the vessel wall
3. Fibrinogen binds to platelets
56
Platelet Release Reaction
Release ADP and thromboxane. These chemicals bind to the platelets and activate them. This creates a positive feedback loop to activate more and more platelets
57
Platelet aggregation
Fibrinogen connects platelets to one another to form the platelet plug (temporary)
58
Coagulation
Process that forms a blood clot
Clotting factors get activated and convert to enzymes
-requires numerous clotting factors (I-XIII)
-clotting factors must be activated to function(as enzymes)
59
Blood clot
Network of fibrin that traps blood cells, fluid and platelets
60
Two pathways of coagulation
Extrinsic and intrinsic --> both lead to common pathway
61
Extrinsic vs intrinsic pathways
E beings with tissue factor
I begins with factor XII
-both end by activating factors X to factor a a
62
Common pathway
1. Factor Xa causes release of prothrombinase
2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin (inactive to active)
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
63
Fibrinogen vs Fibrin
Ogen - H2O soluble
Brin- NOT H2O soluble
*fibrin keeps clot from washing away
64
Clot retraction
Actin and myosin in platelets contract and squeez serum out of the clot.
-pulls edges of wound together and helps dry clot out
65
Thrombolysis
1. Endothelial cells release tissue
Plasminogen activator? (TPA)?
2. TPA activates plasminogen into plasmin
3. Plasmin degrades c.....!!
66
Anticoagulants
Decreases clotting by various factors
67
Heparin
Blocks thrombin
68
Asplirin
Blocks thromboxane
69
Warfarin
Vitamin K antagonist (blocks formation of 4 clotting factors
70
Thrombosis
Clotting in an unbroken vessel (no wound)
71
Thrombus
Attached clot
72
Deep Vein Thrombus
Typically in legs
73
Embolus
Clot, airbubble, fat debris -- traveling in blood
74
Agglutinogens
Antigen on erythrocyte surface
75
Agglutinins
Antibodies in plasma
-bind to antigen
76
ABO groups
Determine blood type
2 types of antigen A and B
(A, B, AB, O)
77
Rh blood group
Determining Rh+ or Rh-
-D antigen
Rh+ has D antigen
Rh- doesn't have D antigen
78
Type A
A antigen
| Anti B antibody
79
Type B
B antigen
| Anti A antibody
80
Type AB
Both antigens either antibody
81
Universal donor
O-
82
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Problems rarely develop during 1st pregnancy because enter maternal circulation thus mothers immune system is not stimulated, exposure to fetal HBI
83
Rhogam
Shot given to Rh- mom 26 weeks/birth
| Stops mom from making anti D antibodies
84
Anemia
Decreased O2 carrying ability
85
Iron deficiency anemia
RBC can't produce functional hemoglobin and are unusually small.
Affects ability to bind and transport oxygen
86
Pernicious anemia
```
Vitamin B12 (lacking) prevents normal stem cell division in red bone marrow
Fewer # of RBC, often large and misshapen
```
87
Hemorrhagic anemia
Excessive loss of RBC from bleeding
88
Hemolytic
Plasma membranes of RBC rupture
89
Aplastic
Bone marrow stops making RBC
