Lymphatic System

Question 1

Functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 1

• Transport dietary lipids (absorbing product of fat digestion in small intestine)
• immune response (against pathogens)
• Regulate interstitial fluid volume (returning to blood)

-filter lymph before returning to blood

Question 2

Pathogen

Answer 2

Microscopic organism that causes disease

Viruses, parasites, fungi, bacteria

Question 3

Proliferation

Answer 3

When immune cells are stimulated to divide

Question 4

Immunity

Answer 4

Ability to fight infection/disease

Question 5

Susceptibility

Answer 5

Vulnerability or lack of resistance to disease

Question 6

Antigen

Answer 6

Substance able to provoke an immune response

Question 7

Protect the mucous membranes and don’t have a capsule.

Two types: tonsils and Peyers Patch

Answer 7

MALT

Question 8

Innate immunity

Answer 8

• Present from birth
• response genetically predetermined
• produces the same response every time

Question 9

Phagocytic cells

Answer 9

• Engulf and destroy foreign compounds and pathogens
• 1st cellular defense
• act as antigen presenting cells

Question 10

Small phagocytic cell

Answer 10

Microphages

Question 11

Phagocytic cell forms pseudopod to engulf target

Answer 11

Pseudopod

Question 12

Formed when pseudopods engulf target

Answer 12

Phagosome

Question 13

Heparinized

Answer 13

Prevent blood clot

Question 14

Agglutinogen

Answer 14

Genetically determined antigens on the surface of ones erythrocytes

Question 15

Agglutinins

Answer 15

Antibodies in plasma of blood

• test presence of agglutinogens
• bind to antigens

Question 16

Hematocrit

Answer 16

Percentage of total blood volume of comprised packed red cells.
OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY

Question 17

Hematocrit calculation:

Answer 17

Red cell/total blood X 100

Question 18

Normal hematocrit ranges

Answer 18

Male: 40-50%
Female: 36-45%

Question 19

Agglutination

Answer 19

Antigen/antibody reaction that causes RBC to clump together

Question 20

Clumping = positive or negative?

Answer 20

No agglutination = negative

Agglutination = positive

Question 21

Leukocyte

Answer 21

WBC protecting the body against disease (5 types)

Question 22

Agranulocytes

Answer 22

Lymphocytes = 25-30%
Monocytes = 3-8%

*no cytoplasmic granules

Question 23

Granulocytes

Answer 23

Neutrophils = 60-70%
Eosinophils = 2-4%
Basophils = 0.5-1%

*contain cytoplasmic granules

Question 24

Class average {hematocrit}

Answer 24

Male: 62.4%
Female: 53.4%

Question 25

Heme

Answer 25

Iron containing compound of porphyrin | Forms non protein part of hemoglobin

Question 26

5 nodes

Answer 26

``` Cervical Axillary Cubical Intestinal Inguinal ```

Question 27

Red pulp

Answer 27

Vascular tissue forming majority of the spleen | -venous sinus

Question 28

White pulp

Answer 28

``` Lymphatic tissue (purple dots) in dark nuclei of lymphoid tissue -central arteries ```

Question 29

Red pulp function

Answer 29

Store platelets Hemopoiesis in fetal life Macrophage remove old RBC

Question 30

White pulp function

Answer 30

"Islands" consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages | -T and B cells perform immune responses, while macrophages phagocytize (destroy pathogens)

Question 31

Lymphoid nodules

Answer 31

Composed of a compact mass of close and overlapping lymphoid cells - not distinct because no capsule - measure in mm

Question 32

Peyers Patch

Answer 32

Located in submucosa of ileum and colon

Question 33

Tonsils

Answer 33

Nodules in connective tissue deep to epithelia lining respiratory tract

Question 34

Two primary lymphatic organs

Answer 34

Red bone marrow and thymus gland - where lymphocytes form and mature - provide stem cells to divide and mature into B and T cells

Question 35

Secondary lymphatic organs

Answer 35

Where lymphocytes are activated: lymph nodes and spleen -capsule, trabeculae, reticular fiber

Question 36

Lymphatic nodules: MALT

Answer 36

Tonsils and Peyers Patch -egg shaped mass of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by capsule because they're scattered through lamina propia of mucous membrane (Line GI, urinary, respiratory tract/airway)

Question 37

Lysosomal enzymes

Answer 37

Digest targets

Question 38

Broken down components leave by:

Answer 38

Exocytosis

Question 39

Immunological surveillance

Answer 39

NK cells - lymphocyte - look for abnormal cells - release perforins - performs create a hole in abnormal cell membrane - causes lysis of cell and kills it

Question 40

Complement activation

Answer 40

30+ plasma proteins made in the liver | Can begin in 3 pathways

Question 41

Cytolysis

Answer 41

Complement proteins form membrane attack complex

Question 42

Opsonization

Answer 42

Complement proteins coat target cell and enhance phagocytosis -increase inflammation, typically due to mast? Cells

Question 43

Interferon

Answer 43

Viruses that need host cell to replicate 3 types: alpha beta gamma

Question 44

Alpha and beta

Answer 44

Inhibit viral replication | Stops virus from replication within host cell

Question 45

Gamma

Answer 45

Produced by lymphocytes | Stimulates macrophages and neutrophils to kill bacteria

Question 46

Chemotaxis

Answer 46

Attracts other immune cells

Question 47

Inflammation

Answer 47

Localized tissue response to injury

Question 48

Macrophages

Answer 48

Phagocytic cell clean up cell debris and pathogens | Attract neutrophils and monocytes

Question 49

Fever

Answer 49

Greater than 37.7 C or 99.9 F

Question 50

Pyrogens

Answer 50

Reset internal thermostat in hypothalamus to higher set point

Question 51

Pyrogens functions

Answer 51

Can inhibit pathogen activity Increases metabolic rate Speeds up immune response

Question 52

Adaptive immunity

Answer 52

Body identified and recognizes foreign substances | Response should be better and faster each time it encounters the same pathogen