Blood

Question 1

What is the average circulating volume?

Answer 1

5 litres (lungs=1, systematic venus circulation=3, heart and atrial circulation=1)

Question 2

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 2

Carriers physiologically active compounds, clotting, defence, carriage of gas, thermoregulation and maintains pH

Question 3

What physiologically active compounds does blood carry?

Answer 3

Enzymes, hormones and nutrients

Question 4

What 2 substances are involved in clotting?

Answer 4

Prothrombin and fibrinogen

Question 5

What provides defence?

Answer 5

Leukocytes

Question 6

What gases does blood carry?

Answer 6

Oxygen and CO2

Question 7

What is thermoregulation?

Answer 7

Maintaining body temperature through vasodilation (cold) and vasoconstriction (hot)

Question 8

Where is pH maintained?

Answer 8

In the ECF

Question 9

What is plasma?

Answer 9

Circulates biologically active molecules and compounds

Question 10

What is plasma made out of?

Answer 10

95% water, 5% protein

Question 11

What are the 3 sub categories of plasma proteins?

Answer 11

Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen

Question 12

What happens when there is a small change in plasma protein composition?

Answer 12

Big problemo

Question 13

Do plasma readily cross the cell wall?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

What is the function of albumin?

Answer 14

Transports lipid soluble and steroid hormones and helps to create colloid oncotic pressure

Question 15

What is the function of globulins?

Answer 15

alpha/beta- transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins

gamma- antibodies

Question 16

What is the function of fibrinogen?

Answer 16

Clotting factors

Question 17

What is oncotic pressure?

Answer 17

An osmotic potential created by plasma proteins displacing water as they can’t cross the capillary wall

Question 18

What is the function of osmotic pressure?

Answer 18

It can pull water from the IF into the lumen and can move chemicals and nutrients as water moves

Question 19

What is constant in oncotic pressure?

Answer 19

Concentration, volume can change

Question 20

What is the most abundant out of WBCs, RBCs and platelets?

Answer 20

RBC-> WBC-> platelets

Question 21

What has the highest lifespan out of WBCs, RBCs and platelets?

Answer 21

RBC: 120 days
WBC: 13-20 days
Platelets: 8-9 days

Question 22

What is the function of RBCs?

Answer 22

Carries oxygen around the body using haemoglobin

Question 23

What are the properties of RBCs?

Answer 23

Highly flexible, bi concave and are non-nucleated

Question 24

What is another name for RBCs?

Answer 24

Erythrocytes

Question 25

What is Erythropoiesis?

Answer 25

The formation of RBCs, form pluripotent stem cells -> erythroblast (mature RBCs). It takes 2-3 days

Question 26

What stimulates erythropoiesis?

Answer 26

Erythropoietin

Question 27

What secrets erythropoietin?

Answer 27

The peritubluar capillary cells found in kidneys. Increased secretion when oxygen supply to the kidneys is low

Question 28

What causes oxygen supply to decrease in kidneys?

Answer 28

Hypoxia, haemorrhage, anaemia and lung disease

Question 29

What are WBCs?

Answer 29

Leukocytes which are larger than RBCs and are nucleated

Question 30

What is the function of WBCs?

Answer 30

They defend against pathogens and several different subcategories

Question 31

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

Answer 31

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 32

What are neutrophils?

Answer 32

They are the most common type of WBC that have a half life of 6 days. They are phagocytic and mainly deal with bacterial infection by trapping bacteria in NETS

Question 33

What are eosinophils?

Answer 33

They attack pathogens that are too large for other WBCs and their numbers increase during an allergic reaction

Question 34

What are basophils?

Answer 34

They release histamine and heparin which promotes inflammation

Question 35

What are monocytes?

Answer 35

They are the largest WBC that have a life span of 72 hours. They migrate to other tissues and become macrophages

Question 36

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 36

They are key components of the immune system and contain T and B cells

Question 37

What is leukopoiesis?

Answer 37

The formation of WBCs by a controlled dynamic cocktail of cytokines which are released by endothelial cells, fibroblasts and mature WBCs.

Question 38

What are the cytokines involved in leukopoiesis?

Answer 38

Growth stimulus factors and interleukins. They stimulate mitosis and the maturation of leukocytes

Question 39

What is a monocyte?

Answer 39

Differentiated WBC that migrate to connective tissue where they become macrophages and live for 3 months

Question 40

What is a macrophage?

Answer 40

A large WBC that engulfs bacteria via phagocytosis

Question 41

What are platelets?

Answer 41

They are unique membrane bound fragments of megakaryocytes. They are formed by thrombopoietin

Question 42

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 42

They attach to damaged capillary walls and exposed connective tissue to mediate blood clotting. They don't attach to healthy epithelium

Question 43

What is haematocrit?

Answer 43

The % of blood made up by RBCs, which is higher in males than it is in females. It can be changed due to certain factors e.g. altitude (increases)

Question 44

What is blood viscosity?

Answer 44

The thickness of blood in comparison to water. It changes with haematocrit, temperature and flow rate

Question 45

Is whole blood thicker than plasma?

Answer 45

Yes