Pharmacology

Question 1

How would hinder you synapses in the NMJ?

Answer 1

Block ACh transport and voltage-gated Ca ion channels

Question 2

What can be used to block ACh transport?

Answer 2

Hemicholinium

Question 3

What are the cons of using hemicholinium?

Answer 3

It blocks all cholinergic synapses

Question 4

What blocks voltage-gaetd Ca ion channels?

Answer 4

Black widow toxin

Question 5

What are the effects of the black widow toxin?

Answer 5

Blocks release of neurotransmitters everywhere

Question 6

How can you improve NMJ synapses?

Answer 6

Release more ACh and block acetylcholinesterase

Question 7

How would you release more ACh?

Answer 7

Let more Ca ions in

Question 8

Why should acetylcholinesterase be blocked?

Answer 8

So ACh hangs about in the synaptic cleft for longer

Question 9

What are the clinical applications of synapses in the NMJ?

Answer 9

Can be used to paralyse patients for surgery and can be used to prevent the effect of toxins and blockers

Question 10

How would you hinder preganglionic fibres in the ANS?

Answer 10

Same as for synapses in the NMJ

Question 11

How would you improve preganglionic synapses in the ANS?

Answer 11

Activate nicotinic receptors

Question 12

What are the clinical applications for preganglionic synapses in the ANS?

Answer 12

Absolutely none at all

Question 13

What are the 2 types of postganglionic synapses in the ANS?

Answer 13

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 14

How could you hinder sympathetic postganglionic fibres in the ANS?

Answer 14

Block enzymes that produce nor-adrenaline, block nor-adrenaline transporters and introduce false transmitters

Question 15

What can be used to block nor-adrenaline enzymes?

Answer 15

Carbidopa

Question 16

How could you improve sympathetic postganglionic fibres in the ANS?

Answer 16

Stimulate nor-adrenaline release, activate postsynaptic receptors or inhibit uptake into neurones

Question 17

What can be used to activate postsynaptic receptors?

Answer 17

Salbutamol

Question 18

What can be used to inhibit uptake into neurones?

Answer 18

Cocaine

Question 19

What are the clinical applications of sympathetic postganglionic receptors?

Answer 19

Alpha 1 agonists, alpha 2 agonists, beta 2 agonists and beta 1 antagonists

Question 20

What is the function of alpha 1 agonists?

Answer 20

Pupil dilation

Question 21

What is the function of alpha 2 agonists?

Answer 21

Treats hypertension

Question 22

What is the function of beta 2 agonists?

Answer 22

Treats asthma

Question 23

What is the function of beta 1 antagonists?

Answer 23

Treats hypertension

Question 24

How could you hinder parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?

Answer 24

Muscarinic receptor antagonists

Question 25

How could you improve parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?

Answer 25

Muscarinic receptor agonists

Question 26

What are the clinical applications of parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?

Answer 26

Mimics or blocks the effect of the parasympathetic system

Question 27

What are the functions of receptors?

Answer 27

They enable specificity, evoke an appropriate response, can trigger a variety of effects and can inhibit the effects of their proteins and chemicals

Question 28

What is a receptor?

Answer 28

Proteins that recognise a specific compound or molecule

Question 29

What is the function of an agonist?

Answer 29

Mimics the normal effect of the receptor

Question 30

What happens when [agonist] increases?

Answer 30

More receptors are occupied and their effect increases

Question 31

When do agonist stop working?

Answer 31

When all the receptors become saturated as there is nowhere for the agonist to bind

Question 32

What is the function of an antagonist?

Answer 32

Blocks the normal action of the receptor

Question 33

What does affinity mean?

Answer 33

The strength of the chemical attraction between the drug and receptor

Question 34

What does efficacy mean?

Answer 34

How goos an agonist is at activating the particular receptor

Question 35

Where are the IC sources for Ca?

Answer 35

internal sources, external sources and from inhibiting Ca transport out of the cell

Question 36

How can you get Ca from internal stores?

Answer 36

Triggering the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 37

How can you get Ca from external sources?

Answer 37

Ligand and voltage-gated channels

Question 38

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 38

Network of membranous tubules around eukaryotic cells that contains ribosomes and is involved in RNA and lipid synthesis

Question 39

What is the difference between the endoplasmic reticulum and the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 39

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is just smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in myocytes

Question 40

What are the 4 types of receptors can signal across membranes?

Answer 40

Receptors that act as ion channels, receptors with intrinsic enzyme activity, receptors that interact with JAK kinase and receptors that interact with G-proteins

Question 41

What is the function of a kinase?

Answer 41

Adds phosphate groups

Question 42

What are G-protein receptors?

Answer 42

Largest family of membrane spanning receptors with 7 subtypes with similar structures

Question 43

What are examples of G-proteins?

Answer 43

Adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C

Question 44

What are the functions of adenyl cyclase?

Answer 44

Increases and decreases the conc. of cAMP and activates and inhibits PKA

Question 45

What are the functions of phospholipase C?

Answer 45

Produces diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate, activates PKC and releases Ca ions from stores