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A+P 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

fluid

A

blood- carries oxygen + nutrients throughout the body

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2
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Distribution
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
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3
Q

Functions of blood: Distribution

A

gases (O2 + CO2), nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones

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4
Q

Functions of blood: Regulation

A

body temperature, pH, fluid volume

  • pH- acid base balance
  • fluid volume- keep body in homeostasis, how much blood is in the body
  • blood temp: 100.4
  • blood pH: 7.4
  • blood buffers (help maintain blood pH): carbonic acid –> bicarbonate buffer
  • blood volume: 5 liters (ions help maintain volume)
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5
Q

Functions of blood: Protection

A

blood loss, infection

  • blood loss: platelets
  • infection: white blood cells (help fight infection)
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6
Q

pH

A

acid base balance

  • blood pH: 7.4
  • BLOOD BUFFERS (help maintain blood pH): CARBONIC ACID –> bicarbonate buffer
  • part of the function of blood: regulation
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7
Q

Whole blood

A

blood in its entirety

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8
Q

Components of blood

A
  1. Plasma- fluid component

2. Formed elements- cellular component

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9
Q

Plasma

A

55%

-fluid part of whole blood

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10
Q

Formed elements

A

45%

  • cellular part of whole blood
  • RBC’s (erythrocytes), WBC’s (leukocytes), Platelets (thrombocytes)
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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of whole blood made of RBC’s

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12
Q

Buffy Coat

A

between plasma + RBC’s in centrifuged blood

  • less than 1%
  • where WBC and Platelets end up
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13
Q

Blood Plasma Components

A
  1. Water- 91.5%
  2. Protein- 7%
  3. Other substances- 1.5%
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14
Q

Blood Plasma Components: Protein

A

7%

  • Albumin (most abundant): transport protein
  • Globulin: (alpha, beta, gamma)
  • Clotting Proteins: made by liver, (11 proteins)
  • Other Proteins (least abundant)
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15
Q

Most Abundant Clotting Protein

A

Fibrinogen

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16
Q

Gamma Globulins

A

immunoglobulins= antibodies (immunity; fight infection)

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17
Q

Blood Plasma Components: Protein: Other Proteins

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A

large molecules made of amino acids

ex: hormones (chemical messengers that regulate important processes in the body)
- complement protein: help fight infection
- enzymes: speed up chemical reactions

18
Q

Liver Makes All Plasma Proteins Except

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A
  1. Antibodies (made by immune system)

2. Hormones (made by endocrine system)

19
Q

Blood Plasma Components: Other Substances

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A
  1. 5%
  2. Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin
  3. Nutrients: glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, vitamins, amino acids
  4. Ions: Cations (+) Na+ K+ Ca+2 Mg+2, Anions (-) Cl-phosphate sulfate bicarbonate
  5. Gases: O2 + CO2
20
Q

Hemopoiesis

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A

Blood cell formation

  • RBC production (erythropoiesis) is stimulated by erythropoietin (hormone made by the kidneys)
  • Platelet production (thrombopoiesis) is stimulated by thrombopoietin (hormone made by liver)
  • WBC production (leukopoiesis) is stimulated by
    a. interleukins
    b. colony-stimulating factors
21
Q

RBC production

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A

erythropoiesis- stimulated by erythropoietin (hormone made by kidneys)
-type of hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)

22
Q

Platelet Production

Study These Flashcards
A

thrombopoiesis- stimulated by thrombopoietin (hormone made by the liver)
-type of hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)

23
Q

WBC Production

Study These Flashcards
A

leukopoiesis- stimulated by

a. interleukins
b. colony-stimulating factors
- type of hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)

24
Q

Pluripotent Stem Cell (hemopoietic stem cell)

Study These Flashcards
A

starting cell

  • develops into either: (in red bone marrow)
    1. Myeloid Stem Cell –> RBC, WBC, Platelets
    2. Lymphoid Stem Cell –> lymphocyte
25
Erythropoiesis steps
1. Pluripotent Stem Cell --> 2. Myeloid Stem Cell --> 3. Reticulocyte (young RBC) enters blood -->(1 to 2 days later)--> 4. Mature RBC (100-120 days in circulation in blood, no organelles)
26
Reticulocyte count
percent of reticulocytes among the RBC population; a measure of the rate of RBC formation (how fast erythropoiesis occurs)
27
Thrombopoiesis Steps
1. Pluripotent Stem Cell --> 2. Myeloid Stem Cell --> 3. Megakaryocyte --> (shreds into pieces/ fragments) 4. Platelet- enters the blood + circulates
28
Leukopoiesis Steps
1. Pluripotent Stem Cell --> 2. Myeloid Stem Cell --> (4 out of the 5 leukocytes made from myeloid stem cell) 3. -Basophils - Eosinophils - Neutrophils - Monocytes (these leave blood vessel)--> Macrophages (in tissues, engulf things) 1. Pluripotent--> 2. Lymphoid Stem Cell--> (1 out of the 5 leukocytes made from lymphoid stem cell) 3. Lymphocytes: a. B Cells b. T Cells c. Natural Killer Cells
29
RBC's (erythrocytes)
- Incomplete cells: lacks nucleus + organelles - Shape: Biconcave - Size: 7.5-8 micrometer in diameter - 4-6 million RBCs per microliter of whole blood - affects blood viscosity (thickness + stickiness) - Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
30
Hemoglobin
Heme = oxygen binding part (4 of them) -iron located in the center of the heme Globin = protein portion -2 alpha chains 2-beta chains
31
Oxyhemoglobin
transport a full load of O2
32
Deoxyhemoglobin
carries less than a full load of O2 | looks darker red
33
Carbaminohemoglobin
transports CO2 | -hemoglobin carries CO2 --> carbon is transported on some amino acids
34
Life Cycle Of RBC's
1. Reticulocyte -->(1 to 2 days)--> 2. Mature RBC --> (circulate 120 days)--> 3. Dies in spleen (graveyard for RBC) Macrophage in spleen breaks down RBC--> 1. Globin--> amino acids--> reused for protein synthesis 2. Heme--> a. bilirubin (yellow) removed by liver b. iron Fe+2 (center of heme) - iron is transported as TRANSFERRIN - iron is attached to a protein and stored as FERRITIN
35
WBC's (leukocytes)
- complete cell - less than 1% of whole blood - 5000-10,000 WBC's per microliter of blood - Function- immunity (fights infection)
36
Characteristics of WBC
1. Emigration- ability to leave blood vessels (to get to infection site) 2. Chemotaxis- attracted to chemicals (to know were to go for the infection site) 3. Most are phagocytes (engulf by phagocytosis)
37
Differential WBC count
Relative abundance of different kinds of WBC's in blood: - Neutrophils 60-70% (most abundant) - Lymphocytes 20-25% - Monocytes 3-8% - Eosinophils 2-4% - Basophils 0.5%-1%
38
Different types of WBC are identified with....
Wright Stain
39
Wright Stain
- red eosin (acidic) - purple/blue (basic) 3 "phils" are Granulocytes- have visible cytoplasmic granules (pick up stain) 1. Neutrophils (both stains) 2. Eosinophils (red stain) 3. Basophils (blue stain) Agranulocyte- WBC lack visible cytoplasmic granules (don't pick up stain) 1. Monocytes 2. Lymphocytes
40
Granulocytes
WBCs that have visible cytoplasmic granules (visible stains) - Neutrophils (both stains) - Eosinophils (red stains) - Basophils (blue stains)
41
Agranulocytes
WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules (don't pick up stains) - Monocytes - Lymphocytes

A+P 2 (24 decks)

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