The Respiratory System Cont.

Question 1

Quiet Breathing

Answer 1

occurs during resting conditions

Question 2

Quiet Inhalation

Answer 2

• is an active process (used ATP/ energy to contract muscles)
• Diaphragm and external intercostals contract

Question 3

Quiet Exhalation

Answer 3

• is a passive process (do not need to contract muscles. relax muscle, don’t need ATP)
• Diaphragm and external intercostals relax

Question 4

Forced Breathing

Answer 4

occurs during exertion or controlled breathing

Question 5

Forced Inhalation

Answer 5

• is an active process
• diaphragm, external intercostals contract
• Accessory muscles: Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid, and Pectoralis Minor contract

Question 6

Forced Exhalation

Answer 6

• is an active and passive process
• Diaphragm and External Intercostals relax
• Abdominal wall muscles contract

Question 7

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 7

1. Alveolar Surface Tension- surfactant decreases surface tension
2. Lung Compliance
3. Airway Resistance

Question 8

Lung Volumes + Capacities

Answer 8

• Tidal Volume (TV)- 500ml
• Minute Ventilation (MV)- 6000ml
• Anatomical dead space- 150ml
• Inspirational/ Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)- 3100ml
• Expirational/ Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)- 1200ml
• Vital Capacity (VC)- 4800ml
• Total Lung Capacity (TLC)- 6000ml
• Residual Volume (RV)- 1200ml

Question 9

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 9

500ml

-volume of one breath

Question 10

Minute Ventilation (MV)

Answer 10

6000ml

-volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute

Question 11

Anatomical Dead Space

Answer 11

150ml

-volume of air remaining in conducting zone structures where gas exchange does not take place

Question 12

Inspirational/Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 12

3100ml

-volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled over and above the tidal volume

Question 13

Expirational/Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 13

1200ml

-volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled over and above the tidal volume

Question 14

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 14

4800ml

-total volume of exchangeable air

Question 15

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Answer 15

6000ml

-total volume of air in lungs after maximal inspiration

Question 16

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 16

1200ml

-volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration

Question 17

External Respiration

Answer 17

exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in lungs and blood

-occurs across the respiratory membrane

Question 18

Factors affecting External Respiration

Answer 18

• Structure of the respiratory membrane (thin, large surface area)
• Partial pressure gradients for O2 and CO2
• Gas Solubilities for O2 + CO2

Question 19

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Answer 19

Partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the mixture
ex: PO2 in alveoli:
13.7% X 760 mmHg = 105 mmHg
PCO2 in alveoli:
5.2% X 760 mmHg = 40mmHg

Question 20

External Respiration for Alveoli, Pulmonary Capillary, and Arterial Blood

Answer 20

PO2: PCO2:
Alveoli- 105 mmHg 40 mmHg
Pulmonary Cap.- 40 mmHg 45 mmHg
Arterial Blood - 100 mmHg 40 mmHg

• O2 diffuses out of alveoli into pulmonary capillary; 105 - 40 mmHg
• CO2 diffuses out of pulmonary capillary into alveoli 45- 40 mmHg

Question 21

Henry’s Law

Answer 21

when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility

Question 22

Gas Solubilities

Answer 22

• N2 is almost insoluble in water
• O2 is slightly soluble in water
• CO2 is very soluble in water

Question 23

Equal amounts of CO2 and O2 are exchanged across the respiratory membrane due to ____ and ____

Answer 23

1. Partial pressure gradients

2. Solubilities

Question 24

Internal Respiration

Answer 24

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

Question 25

Internal Respiration of Tissue Capillary, Tissues, and Venous Blood

Answer 25

PO2 PCO2 Tissue Capillary 100 mmHg 40 mmHg Tissues 40 mmHg 45 mmHg Venous Blood 40 mmHg 45 mmHg - O2 diffuses out of tissue capillary into tissues: 100 - 40 mmHg - CO2 diffuses out of tissues into capillary: 45 - 40 mmHg

Question 26

Transport of O2 by the blood

Answer 26

- 98.5% of O2 attached to hemoglobin in RBC's | - 1.5% of O2 dissolved in plasma

Question 27

Hemoglobin is 100% saturated when....

Answer 27

all 4 binding sites have O2 (Oxyhemoglobin) | -in arterial blood

Question 28

Hemoglobin is partially saturated when...

Answer 28

1, 2 or 3 O2 bound to it | -Venous blood is 75% saturated during rest

Question 29

Hemoglobin is 0% saturated when.....

Answer 29

no O2 is bound to it (Deoxyhemoglobin)

Question 30

Binding of O2 to hemoglobin is _____ and ____

Answer 30

reversible and cooperative | binding of one O2 will help the next bind

Question 31

Venous blood is what percent saturated at rest?

Answer 31

75%

Question 32

Arterial Blood is what percent saturated?

Answer 32

100%

Question 33

Factors Affecting rate of O2 binding to Hemoglobin

Answer 33

-PO2 (increase PO2, increase the rate, happens in lungs; Hemoglobin binds O2) Increase these next factors, you decrease the pH: (happens in the tissues; hemoglobin releases/ unloads O2) -H+ ion concentration (Bohr Effect) -PCO2 -Temperature -BPG

Question 34

Transport of CO2 by the Blood

Answer 34

-7% CO2 dissolved in plasma -23% CO2 bound to amino acids of hemoglobin (Carbaminohemoglobin) -70% transported as bicarbonate ion in plasma CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-1 (bicarbonate)

Question 35

Haldane Effect

Answer 35

deoxyhemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO2

Question 36

Control of Respiration (Pulmonary Ventilation- Breathing)

Answer 36

- Medullary Rhythmicity Area- sets normal breathing pattern - Pons has: a. Pneumotaxic area- speeds up breathing b. Apneustic Area- slow, deeper breathing - Higher brain centers: a. Cerebral Cortex- conscious control b. Hypothalamus- emotions - Chemicals 1. PCO2 2. PO2 3. pH - Hering-Breuer reflex- prevents over inflation over lungs

Question 37

What has the greatest effect on breathing?

Answer 37

PCO2

Question 38

Control of Respiration: Medullary Rhythmicity Area

Answer 38

sets normal breathing pattern

Question 39

Control of Respiration: Pons

Answer 39

Pons has: a. Pneumotaxic Area- speeds up breathing b. Apneustic Area- slow, deeper breathing

Question 40

Control of Respiration: Higher Brain Centers

Answer 40

a. Cerebral Cortex- Conscious Control | b. Hypothalamus- Emotions

Question 41

Control of Respiration: Chemicals

Answer 41

1. PCO2 2. PO2 3. pH

Question 42

Control of Respiration: Hering- Breuer Reflex

Answer 42

prevents over-inflation of the lungs