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1. HLTH 108 > Blood > Flashcards

Flashcards in Blood Deck (38)
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1
Q

general composition of blood:

A

plasma + formed elements: - - erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), platelets

2
Q

clotting occurs by:

A

formed elements and serum (plasma without

3
Q

type/ function of blood:

A

specialised ct.

  • for transport (of nutrients, remove end products, hormones)
  • regulation (homeostasis)
  • protection
4
Q

blood composition of centrifuged blood and %:

A

hematocrit (RBC at bottom)

  • 35-45% women
  • 40-50% men

buffy coat (WBC middle)

plasma at top

5
Q

plasma function:

A

maintains osmotic pressure, transport, clotting, immune function

6
Q

plasma features:

A

aqueous solution (90% water)

solutes:
- proteins (7-8%): albumin, globulins (incl. immunoglobulins), (help clot) prothrombin + fibrinogen

  • electrolytes
  • nutrients, blood gases, hormones, waste products
7
Q

where are blood cell types originated?

A

all blood cell types: bone marrow ct.

  • erthrocyte (RBC) only in blood
  • leukocyte (WBC) in other ct. and blood
8
Q

function of erythrocytes and brief info:

A

RBC: oxygen and co2 transport

heamoglobin (protein + iron) carries oxygen

9
Q

shape of erythrocytes:

A

biconcave disc, to increase SA:V ration

mature cells: no nucleus or organelles

10
Q

lifespan of erythrocytes and removed by:

A

in adults: approx 120 days

removed by spleen, bone marrow and liver

11
Q

Anemia eg:

A

abnormally low heamoglobin conc. and/or RBC count

  • iron deficiency
  • pernicious (insuffcient B12- helps mature RBC/ change shape)
  • aplastic
  • sickle cell
12
Q

how is blood groups classified:

A

from antigens on RBC

14: A/B/O/AB and +/-

13
Q

function and shape of leukocytes:

A

defense,

spherical shape (in plasma) but some: ameboid/motile leaving blood vessels to invade tissues

14
Q

2 classifications of cell type leukocytes: and how

A

type of granules and nuclei shape

  • granulocytes (polymorphonuclear: PMNs)
  • agranulocytes (mononuclear)
15
Q

features: granulocytes

A

nuclei have 2+ lobes, specific granules (bind neutral/basic/acidic component of dye mixtures) special functions, azurophilic granules (stain purple)

16
Q

features: agranulocytes

A

round of indented nuclei, only has azurophilic granules

17
Q

types of granulocytes:

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

18
Q

types of agranulocytes:

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

19
Q

neutrophils: function/ shape/ %

A

most common (50-70%)

  • multi lobed nucleus (3-4)
  • phagocytic (lysosomes), central in response: infection, injury, inflammation
20
Q

eosinophils: function/ shape/ %

A

1-5% leukocytes

  • bi lobed nucleus
  • large ovoid granules
  • similar size to neutrophils
  • proliferate in allergic reactions, parasite destruction, phagocytosis
21
Q

basophils: function/ shape/ %

A

rare: < 1%
- similar size to neutrophils
- nucleus in irregular lobes (obscured by specific granules)
- allergy, inflammation, granules have heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (cause hypersensitive reactions: hay fever, asthma)

22
Q

monocytes: function/ shape/ %

A

2-8%

  • largest of leukocytes
  • nuclei indented (kidney bean/ horseshoe)
  • pale cytoplasm
  • phagocytic (engulf foreign microorganisms, dead/worn out cells, other tissue debris)
  • close interactions with lymphocytes to recognise/ destroy foreign substances
23
Q

lymphocytes: function/ shape/ %

A

20-40%

  • small/ med/ large
  • deeply staining nucleus, relatively thin rim of cytoplasm, no specific granules
  • recognise/ respond to antigens, for cell mediated immunity: viral infections
  • T, B, NK cells
  • can’t histologically distinguish T and B cells
24
Q

basophils: found where/ lifecycle

A

found in tissues with allergic reactions

1-2 years approx

25
Q

lymphocytes: found where/ lifecycle

A

leave capillaries/ venules-> ct. will differentiate into macrophages

days in blood
months in ct.

26
Q

monocytes: found where/ lifecycle

A

seen in ct. and epithelium
- densely packed in lymphoid tissue (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils)

months - years

27
Q

lymphocytes: found where/ lifecycle

A

seen in ct. and epithelium
- densely packed in lymphoid tissue (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils)

months - years

28
Q

monocytes: found where/ lifecycle

A

leave capillaries/ venules-> ct. will differentiate into macrophages

days in blood
months in ct.

29
Q

difference btw eosinophils/ basophils:

A

more likely eosinophil than basophil
- eosinophil: 2 lobes equal size, dense granules in cytoplasm

  • basophil: 2-3 lobes less defined, less granules- not dense mass
30
Q

larger than usual no. of neutrophils may indicate:

A

acute or chronic infection

31
Q

? increases due to allergic disorders:

A

basophils and eosinophils

32
Q

leukaemia may have:

A

large no. of immature leukocytes

33
Q

thrombocytes: features and ?/ml

A
  • fragments of cells
  • no nuclei but have mitochondria, ribosomes, enzyme systems and 4 types of granules
  • 250 000 - 500 000/ ml
34
Q

thrombocytes: function and life span

A
  • promote coagulation
  • repair gaps in blood vessel walls: aggregation, adhesion to self and endothelium,
  • also activate clotting factors in plasma: fibrin, release serotonin (for vasorestriction)

10 days

35
Q

what blood cells formed in: myeloid tissue

A

red bone marrow:

  • erythrocytes
  • granular leukocytes (neutro/basal/eosinophils)
  • thrombocytes (platelets)
36
Q

what blood cells formed in: lymphoid tissue

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus:

- agranular leukocytes (mono/lymphocytes)

37
Q

what blood cells formed in: during embryonic and foetal development

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen

38
Q

? stem cells give rise to all cell types:

A

pluripotent stem cells

- under control of cytokines and growth factors