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1. HLTH 108 > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

define sex:

A

biological characteristics that define humans as female or male

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2
Q

define intersex:

A

people born with physical/ biological sex characteristics not fitting traditional male/female

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3
Q

general function of reproductive organs:

A
  • produce gametes
  • for fertilisation
  • females: growth of embryo and fetus
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4
Q

male reproductive organs: grouped based on function

A
  • gonads
  • ducts
  • accessory sex glands
  • supporting structures
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5
Q

male reproductive organs: gonads

A

testes

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6
Q

male reproductive organs: ducts

A
  • epididymis
  • ductus (vas) deferens
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • urethra
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7
Q

male reproductive organs: accessory sex glands

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate glands
  • bulbourethral glands
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8
Q

male reproductive organs: supporting structures

A

penis, scrotum

copulatory organs

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9
Q

scrotum: physical features

A
  • highly pigmented skin
  • highly vascular
  • scrotum internally divided - scrotal septum
  • externally divided- scrotal raphe
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10
Q

scrotum: name musculature

A

dartos muscle,

cremaster muscle

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11
Q

scrotum: dartos muscle

A
  • smooth muscle

- wrinkles/relaxes skin of scrotum

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12
Q

scrotum: cremaster muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle

- elevates/ lowers testes

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13
Q

testes: general features

A

oval paired glands

- produce sperm and hormonse

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14
Q

testes: covered by

A

serous covering: tunica vaginalis (extension of peritoneum)

fibrous capsule:
tunica albuginea (DICT)
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15
Q

testes: tunica albuginea

A

extends inwards, divides tested into lobules

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16
Q

testes: lobules contains, and pathway

A
  • contain 2-3 seminiferous tubules

rete testis-> efferent ducts -> ductus epidiymis

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17
Q

testes: seminiferous tubules features

A
  • produce sperm

- enveloped by loose ct rich in blood, lymphatic vessels, nerves

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18
Q

seminiferous tubules cell types: eg

A 
spermatogenic cells (form sperm)
- Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells- support, protection, nourishment)
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19
Q

Leydid cells:

A

found in btw seminiferous tubules ,

- produce testosterone

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20
Q

epididymis: features

A
  • located on posterior border of each testis
  • has head, body, tail
  • highly coiled tube, enveloped by smooth m. cells
  • Psudostratified columnar epithelium- stereocilia
  • site of sperm maturation -> acquire motility, ability to fertilise
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21
Q

epididymis: storage of sperm:

A
  • several months
  • phagocytised if not used
  • sperm propelled into ductus (vas) deferens during arousal: peristaltic movements of smooth m.
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22
Q

ductus deferens: features

A

continuation of duct of epididymis: conveys sperm to urethra, stores sperm

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23
Q

ductus deferens: ampulla

A
  • dilated terminal portion of ductus deferens

- ends: joining duct of seminal gland = ejaculatory duct (carries sperm to urethra)

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24
Q

ductus deferens: two layers and features

A

mucosa: PCE
muscularis: thick muscular wall, 3 layers of muscle -> firm cordlike

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25
spermatic cord: features
- supporting structures of male reproductive system features: - ductus deferens - testicular artery - veins (pampiniform plexuses) - nerves - lymphatics
26
accessory sex glands: seminal vesicles features: location, secretions, %
- located posterior to base of urinary bladder - secretes alkaline fluid, high in fructose (energy source for sperm, neutralise acidic env. male urethra, female reproductive tract) - secretes clotting agents too, mix with sperm-> no leaking out - 60% of semen - unites with ampulla (ductus deferens) = ejaculatory duct opening in prostatic urethra
27
accessory sex glands: prostate - location, secretion, features
- inferior to urinary bladder - surrounds prostatic urethra milky, slightly acidic secretion: (activates sperm) - citric acid (ATP) - protein digesting enzymes - 25% semen
28
prostate: cells
- collection of tubuloacinar glands (cuboidal, p.columnar epithelium) - fibromuscular stroma - surrounded by fibroelastic capsule which penetrates through gland = septa
29
accessory sex glands: Bulbourethral gland
- pea sized - inferior to prostate, lateral to membranous urethra - during arousal secrete 'alkaline substance' into urethra -> protect sperm from urine in urethra - secrete mucous to lubricate end of penis (lil damaged sperm during ejaculation)
30
semen: features
- sperm + seminal fluid - 2.5-5ml - coagulates after ejaculation - prostatic secretions (milky colour) - seminal vesicles + bulbourethral gland secretions (sticky) - antibiotics to kill bacteria
31
penis: features
- root, body (pendulous part), glans | - anatomical position: erect (flaccid: dorsum inferiorly)
32
penis: body- name 3 cylindrical masses of tissue, covered by
covered by tunica albuginea - 2x corpora cavernosa - corpus spongiosum
33
penis: corpora cavernosa
- paired dorsolateral masses | - erectile cavernous tissue
34
penis: corpus spongiosum
- single ventral mass | - contains: cavernous erectile tissue, spongy (penile) urethra, expanded region: glans, prepuce (foreskin)
35
penis: root
- attached portion - bulb of penis (extended base of corpus spongiosum) - crura (extended portion of corpora cavernosa) -> attached to internal surface of ischial ramus
36
female reproductive organs: name 3 groups
- internal - external - mammary glands
37
female reproductive organs: internal parts
- ovaries - uterine (fallopian) tubes - uterus - vagina
38
female reproductive organs: external
-vulva
39
ovaries: features
- almond shaped glands - located lateral walls of lesser pelvis - produces gametes + hormones (oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin)
40
name all ovarian ligaments:
- mesovarium - broad ligament - ovarian ligament - suspensory ligament - round ligament
41
ovarian ligaments: mesovarium, broad
mesovarium: subdivision of larger mesentery of uterus (broad lig) broad: mesentery of uterus
42
ovarian ligaments: ovarian, suspensory lig.
ovarian: tethers ovary to uterus suspensory: continuous with mesovarium, ascends and attaches to pelvic wall
43
ovarian ligaments: round lig
uterine horns, continues to labia fibres | - fibres spread and mix with tissues of mon pubis
44
ovaries: covered by
germinal epithelium: covers surface of ovary (simple cuboidal/ squamous) tunica albuginea (DICT)
45
ovaries: two regions
cortex: ovarian follicles medulla: blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels
46
ovarian follicles:
oocytes in various stages of development surrounded by follicular/ granulosa cells (nourish, secrete oestrogen as follicle grows)
47
mature follicle:
aka graafian - large fluid filled - ready for ovulation
48
corpus luteum:
remnants of mature follicle after ovulation - maintains pregnancy - releases progesterone, oestrogen, relaxin, inhibin -> regressed c.l= corpus albicans
49
uterine tubes: features
extends from uterus, open near ovaries | - transport secondary oocyte
50
uterine tubes: divides into
infundibulum: funnel shaped (ends in fimbriae- fingers) ampulla: longest, widest portion, usual place of fertilisation isthmus: narrow region
51
ovaries: surface covering and location
- not covered by peritoneum, | - suspended in peritoneal cavity
52
process of oocyte movement: ovulation
- expelled into peritoneal cavity | - intraperitoneal life is short before trapped by fimbrae
53
uterine tubes: wall layers
- mucosa (simple ciliated columnar) - muscularis (inner thick circular, outer thin longitudinal layer of smooth m.) - serosa
54
uterus: features
- thick walled, pear shaped - on top of urinary bladder - neck (cervix) btw bladder and rectum - site of implantation, fetal development, menstrual flow
55
uterus: reflexion fo peritoneum forms:
2 pouches - vesicouterine: bladder and uterus - rectouterine: (aka pouch of Douglas) uterus and rectum
56
name uterus ligaments
- broad - cardinal - round - uterosacral
57
uterus: divided into
fundus: superior to isthmus of uterine tube - body: btw layers of broad lig. - cervix: cervical canal, internal/ external os
58
uterus: wall layers
- perimetrium/ serosa: peritoneum (simple squamous, areolar ct.) - myometrium: 3 layers of smooth m. - endometrium: (simple columnar) thick lamina propra, uterine glands, 2 layers: stratum functionalis, stratum basalis
59
ectopic pregnancy:
when fertilised oocyte implants outside uterus
60
vagina: features
- fibromuscular canal btw uterine cervix, and exterior of body - usually collapsed - receptacle for penis - menstrual flow, childbirth
61
vagina: fornix
anterior, posterior, 2 lateral | - recess around cervix
62
vagina: hymen
vascularised mucous membrane, partially closing vaginal orifice
63
vagina: wall layers
- muscosa (non-keratinised stratified squamous), rugae contains glycogen -> decomposes -> organic acids which retard microbial growth - muscularis (inner circular, outer longitudinal layers of smooth m.) - adventitia (areolar ct.)
64
vulva: name features
external genitals: - mons pubis - labia majora - labia minora - clitoris - vestibule
65
vulva: mons pubis, clitoris, vestibule
mons: (adipose tissue covered by skin) clitoris: cylinder of erectile tissue, nerves vestibule: region btw labia minora
66
vulva: labia majora, labia minora
majora: (2 folds of skin covered in pubic hair) -> adipose tissue, sweat and oil glands minora: skin folds devoid of pubic hair, fat
67
vulva: within the vestibule
- hymen - vaginal orifice - external urethral orifice - ducts of greater vestibular glands (Bartholin's) -> mucous for lubrication, equivalent of male Bulbourethral glands
68
bulb of vestibule:
2 elongated erectile bodies, deep to labia on both sides of vaginal orifice
69
perineum: features
- BOTH SEXES - external SA inferior to pelvic diaphragm, osseous boundaries - btw genitals and anus - urogenital and anal triangles
70
mammary glands:
suspensory ligaments attach breast to dermis and fascia - each lobule (glandular tissue) drained into mammary ducts - deep to areola each duct has dilated portion: lactiferous sinus

1. HLTH 108 (29 decks)

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