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BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

liquid connective tissue made up of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)

A

blood

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2
Q

various kinds of blood cells that are normally present in blood: RBCs, WBCs, platelets

A

formed elements

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3
Q

3 general functions of blood

A
  • transportation - regulation - protection
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4
Q

a watery extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances

A

plasma

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5
Q

formed elements make up __% of total blood volume

A

45%

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6
Q

about 8% of total body weight in average-sized adults - varies according to age, body type, sex, and method of measurement

A

blood volume

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7
Q

blood volume: females = males =

A

females = 4-5 liters males = 5-6 liters

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8
Q

term used to describe the volume percent of RBCs in whole blood

A

hematocrit

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9
Q

_____ = whole blood - formed elements

A

plasma

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10
Q

the liquid part of blood; clear, straw-colored fluid; made up of 90% water and 10% solutes. places an essential role in maintaining normal circulation

A

blood plasma

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11
Q

solutes: 6-8% of plasma solutes are proteins, consisting of 3 main compounds

A
  • albumins: help maintain osmotic balance of blood - globulins: essential component of the immunity mechanism - fibrinogen: key role in blood clotting
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12
Q

the red protein pigment that is primary component in RBCs

A

hemoglobin

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13
Q

RBCs consist of:

A
  • biconcave discs - hemoglobin
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14
Q

____ are the most numerous of formed elements

A

RBCs

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15
Q

function of RBCs:

A
  • critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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16
Q

each hemoglobin molecule is made up of _#_ protein chains

A

4

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17
Q

the hemoglobin _____ allows the molecule to attach with 4 oxygen molecule which allows RBCs to transport oxygen where needed.

A

structure

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18
Q

there are aprox _#_ - _#_ million molecules of hemoglobin within each RBC

A

200 - 300 million

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19
Q
  • means lack of blood - used to describe a reduction in the number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood
A

anemia

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20
Q

the entire process of RBC formation - begins in red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells that go through several stages of development to become erythrocytes

A

erythropoiesis

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21
Q

the entire maturation process of RBC formation requires about _#_ days

A

4

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22
Q

all blood cells are derived from

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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23
Q

red blood cells are formed and destroyed at a rate of about _#_ million per minute in an adult

A

100 million

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24
Q

RBC production ___ if blood oxygen levels reaching the tissues decrease

A

speeds up

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25
\_\_\_\_\_\_ increases RBC numbers by increasing the secretion of a hormone named EPO (erythropoietin)
oxygen deficiency
26
- athletes employ transfusions of their own blood to improve performance - intended to increase oxygen delivery to muscles
blood doping
27
blood doping can be dangerous and can:
- increase the viscosity of blood - slow circulation and peripheral oxygenation - increase BP
28
The lifespan of circulating RBC averages \_\_#\_\_ to \_\_#\_\_ days
105 - 120 days
29
\_\_\_\_ is returned to the bone marrow for use in synthesis of new hemoglobin
iron
30
refers to the type of cell marker or antigens present on RBC membranes
blood types
31
them most important antigens are:
A and B
32
Type O is known as the
universal donor
33
There are \_#\_ types of leukocytes, They are classified according to the presence or absence of granules and the staining quality of their cytoplasm
5
34
include the 3 WBCs that have large granules in their cytoplasm
granular
35
include the 2 WBCs without cytoplasmic granules
agranular
36
the 5 types of WBCs Never Eat Bananas Like Monkeys
- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils - Lymphocytes - Monocytes
37
once ____ leave the blood stream to deal with tissue damage, they do not return to circulation. _____ continually recirculate
- granular leukocytes - lymphocytes
38
- make up aprox 65% of the total WBC count in normal blood sample - active phagocytic cells - migrate out of blood vessels and enter the tissue space - they are early responders to tissue damage. they release bacteria, ad oxidants that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity
neutrophils
39
- typically account for 2%-5% of circulating WBCs - weak phagocytes, but are capable of ingesting antigen-antibody complexes - provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions
eosinophils
40
- the least numerous of WBCs they only account for 0.5% - 1% of the total WBC count - granules of these WBCs intensify inflammation during allergic reactions by releasing histamine, heparin, and serotonin
basophils
41
- these are the smallest of the WBCs - they are the second most numerous type of WBC next to neutrophils - account for approx. 25% of circulating WBCs - 3 types: T, B, and natural killers
lymphocytes
42
- the largest type of leukocyte - migrate from the blood into the tissues where they enlarge and differentiate into macrophages - mobile and highly phagocytic cells - capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells
monocytes
43
a microliter of blood usually contains ___ to ___ leukocytes
5,000 to 10,000
44
\_\_\_\_ numbers have clinical significance because they change with certain abnormal conditions
WBC
45
an increase in WBC count \> 10,000/microliter is the normal response to invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery
leukocytosis
46
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
red bone marrow
47
most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from \_\_\_\_.
hemopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue
48
3 important physical properties of platelets are:
- agglutination - adhesiveness - aggregation
49
a reaction in which particles suspended in liquid collect into clumps and which occurs especially to a specific antibody
agglutination
50
involves clumping of platelets (w/o presence of antibodies)
aggregation
51
refers to the stoppage of blood flow and may occur as an end result of nay one of several body defense mechanisms. Plays role in reducing infection risk
hemostasis
52
3 mechanisms to reduce blood loss:
- vascular spasms - platelet plug formation - coagulation
53
function of platelets:
- plays role in hemostasis and blood coagulation - adhere to damaged lining of vessel and to each other to form a hemostatic platelet plug that helps stop the flow of blood into the tissues
54
formation of platelets
thrombopoiesis
55
platelets are formed in \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_, and\_\_\_\_.
red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen
56
formation and life span of platelets is typically \_#\_ - \_#\_ days
7 - 10 days
57
when necessary formed elements of blood become trapped in a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin
blood clotting or coagulation
58
if blood clots too easily
thrombosis
59
if blood takes too long to clot
hemorrhage
60
production of prothrombinase activated by the following pathways: - extrinsic pathway - intrinsic pathway
stage 1 of coagulation
61
conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
stage 2 of coagulation
62
conversion of fibrinogen to the fibrin and production of fibrin clot
stage 3 of coagulation
63
- perfectly smooth surface of an intact blood vessel is opposed to clotting - platelets won't adhere to such a smooth surface - blood contains antithrombins which are substances that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin
conditions that oppose clotting
64
- rough spots in the endothelium - abnormally slow blood flow
conditions that hasten clotting
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BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II (25 decks)

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