Blood

Question 1

Content of blood

Answer 1

55% plasma

45% formed elements

Question 2

Content formed elements

Answer 2

99% RBC

1% WBC+ platelets

Question 3

Leukocytes

Answer 3

White Blood Cells
Nucleated
“True” cells

Question 4

Erythrocytes

Answer 4

Red blood cells
No nucleus (mammals)

Question 5

Thrombocytes

Answer 5

Platelets
Non nucleated
Made by cytoplasm of megakaryocytes

Question 6

Plasma

Answer 6

92% water
7% proteins
1% other (fibrinogen)

Question 7

Plasma proteins

Answer 7

Albumin 60%
Globulins 35%
Fibrinogen 4%
Other 1%

Question 8

Albumin

Answer 8

60%
Regulates osmosis/water balance
Transports proteins
Regulates pH
Made in liver

Question 9

Fibrinogen

Answer 9

4%
Blood coagulation
Homeostasis
Made in liver

Question 10

Globulin

Answer 10

35%
Alpha and beta= transport made in liver
Gamma= defense (synthezised in lymphoid system)

Question 11

Serum protein electrophoresis

Answer 11

Separating proteins due to size and charge

Question 12

Serum

Answer 12

Plasma without fibrinogen and clotting proteins

Question 13

Blood functions

Answer 13

Transport
Homeostasis
Immune defense
Hemostasis

Question 14

Volemia

Answer 14

Total blood volume

Question 15

Oncotic pressure

Answer 15

Pressure exerted by proteins

Question 16

VSE/sedimentation rate

Answer 16

Falling rate of RBC in tube with anti-coagulant

Question 17

pH of blood

Answer 17

7,35 to 7,45

Question 18

Haemopoiesis

Answer 18

Formation of blood cellular components

Derives from pluripotent stem cells (red bone marrow)

Question 19

Erythropoetin

Answer 19

Made in kidneys
Protein stimulating RBC production
Immature erythrocytes =reticulocytes

Question 20

Erythropoiesis

Answer 20

Hypoxia sensed by kidney
Erythropoetin produced
Red marrow increases RBC production
Blood oxygen is increased

Question 21

Polycythemia

Answer 21

Increase of RBC

Question 22

Anemia

Answer 22

Low RBC

Question 23

Hematocrit

Answer 23

% of RBC

Question 24

Hemoglobin

Answer 24

4 polypeptide chains
4 heme groups
Capacity to carry 4 oxygen

Question 25

Hemolysis of RBC

Answer 25

10% in blood stream 90% in liver by mono nuclear phagocyte systems Average life-span 120 days

Question 26

Fe metabolism

Answer 26

RBC dies and breaks down to heme+globin Globin breaks down to aminoacids Heme into Fe carried by transferrin to liver or transformed into billiverdin to bilirubin carried to liver made to bile in kidneys/intestines

Question 27

Leukopoiesis

Answer 27

Production of WBC | differentiated in lymphtissue (nodes, spleen, thymus)

Question 28

Granulocytes

Answer 28

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Question 29

Agranulocytes

Answer 29

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

Question 30

Leukocytosis

Answer 30

Increased WBC | Physiological or pathological

Question 31

Leukopenia

Answer 31

Low WBC | always pathological

Question 32

Neutrophil

Answer 32

``` 50-70% Lobulated nucleus Granular cytoplasm First line of defense Phagocytic More lobulated with age Increased when stress, burns, bacterial infect. Decreased when radiation, B12 deficiency ```

Question 33

Eosinophil

Answer 33

``` 2-4% 2 lobuled nucleus Large red granules when stained Antiparasitic-releases granules Histamine Allergy reaction ```

Question 34

Basophils

Answer 34

Less than 1% Large blue granules when stained Releases heparin and histamine allergic reactions Intensifies inflammatory response Increased when allergy, leukemia, cancer, hypothyriodism Decreased when pregnancy, ovulation, strsss, hyperthyroidism

Question 35

Monocytes

Answer 35

``` 3-8% Largest Kidney-shaped nucleus Non-granular When in tissue=macrophage Increased when infection, TBC Decreased when bone marrow depression, cortisol treatment ```

Question 36

Lymphocytes

Answer 36

``` 20-25% Large round nucleus Small B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes Natural killer cells ```

Question 37

Thrombocytes

Answer 37

Platelets | Parts of megakaryocytes

Question 38

Trombopoeitin

Answer 38

Hormone regulating production of thrombocytes Synthesized in liver+kidneys Stored in spleen Old platelets phagocyted in spleen or by kupffer cells in liver Alpha-granules= coagulation, fibrinogen Delta-granules= dense, serotonin, ADP, ca2+