Blood Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What percent of blood is made out of intracellular fluid?
A
60%
2
Q
What percent of blood is made out of extracellular fluid?
A
40%
3
Q
What 3 things is extracellular fluid made up of?
A
blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid
4
Q
Approximately how much blood is there in the body?
A
5L
5
Q
What is the average temperature of blood?
A
100.5°F
6
Q
What is the Buffy Coat made out of?
A
white blood cells and platelets
7
Q
- –> What is the percentage, by volume, of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood called?
2. ) What is that percentage?
3. ) Which gender is on the higher end of that percentage?
A
- –> Haematocrit (Hct)
2. ) 40-45%
3. ) Males
8
Q
1.) What is the percentage, by volume, of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood called?
→ What is that percentage?
3.) Which gender is on the higher end of that percentage?
A
1.) Haematocrit (Hct)
→ 40-45%
3.) Males
9
Q
1.) What is the percentage, by volume, of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood called?
2.) What is that percentage?
→ Which gender is on the higher end of that percentage?
A
1.) Haematocrit (Hct)
2.) 40-45%
→ Males
10
Q
What are Erythrocytes?
A
red blood cells
11
Q
What do Erythrocytes carry?
A
O2 and some CO2
12
Q
How many Erythrocytes does the average human have?
A
4-6 million/mm³
13
Q
What is Erythropoiesis?
A
the formation of red blood cells that usually takes place in the liver
14
Q
What is red marrow?
A
myeloid tissue
15
Q
What is Erythropoietin?
A
a hormone released from the kidney that uses a negative feedback mechanism that controls the rate of red blood cell formation in response to prolonged oxygen deficiency
16
Q
What vitamins are required for influencing red blood cell production, DNA synthesis, and the growth and division of all cells?
A
Fe++, B12, Folic Acid, Protein for Hb, Glucose for energy
17
Q
What is Haemoglobin (Hb)?
A
oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells
18
Q
What pigment does Haemoglobin have?
A
red
19
Q
What is the lifespan of blood?
A
about 4 months
20
Q
How are damaged or worn red blood cells removed?
A
macrophages in the liver and spleen digest it and release the residue into the bloodstream to the liver
21
Q
What is recycled from blood?
A
Fe++ and globin
22
Q
What is the toxic waste by-product of blood?
A
Biliruben
23
Q
What happens to Biliruben?
A
residual haeme groups that get dumped into the bile and emptied into the small intestines where the Biliruben turns into feces but the bile gets reabsorbed
24
Q
What is Polycythaemia?
A
the Haematocrit count is too high
25
What are Anaemias?
the Haematocrit count is too low
26
What is Nutritional anemia?
having too low amounts of protein, Fe, folic acid, and B12 (Intrinsic Fator)
27
What is Haemorrhagic anemia?
blood loss
28
What are some Haemolytic anemias?
Sickle cell, Thalassaemia, Erythroblastosis Foetalis (Rh)
29
What is Aplastic anemia?
suppressed bone marrow
30
What are thrombocytes?
Blood platelets
31
Approximately how many thrombocytes are in the body?
About 250,000 or more
32
What are thrombocytes made out of?
Cell fragments
33
What forms platelet plugs and helps in clotting?
Haemostasis
34
What is the lifespan of platelets?
A matter of days
35
What is thrombopoietin?
Platelets that get red bone marrow to keep producing platelets and that develop from hematopoietic stem cells
36
What is thrombopoiesis?
They make platelets
37
What is plasma made out of?
Water, proteins, electrolytes, dissolved nutrients, gases, and wastes
38
What is serum?
the clear liquid that is essentially plasma minus all of its fibrogen and other clotting factors (protein)
39
What are plasma proteins?
Clotting factors and antibodies
40
What is the most abundant clotting protein and where is it found?
Albumin, come from the liver
41
What percentage of albumin is in plasma proteins?
60%
42
What does albumin do?
helps fine tune osmotic pressure and maintain it by pulling in approximately 25ml into it
43
What antigen and antibody does type A blood have?
A, anti-b
44
What antigen and antibody does type B blood have?
B, anti-a
45
What antigen and antibody does type AB blood have?
AB, none
46
What antigen and antibody does type O blood have?
none, anti-a and anti-b
47
What antigen and antibody does type Rh+ blood have?
+, none
48
What antigen and antibody does type Rh- blood have?
none, none until exposed to Rh+ cells (Erythroblastosis Foetalis)
49
What blood type is a universal recipient but can only give to type B?
AB
50
What blood type is a universal donor, but not recipient?
O
51
What is the most common blood type in North America?
A
52
If a recipient's blood type is A what is the preferred and emergency donor's blood type?
A, for an emergency- O
53
If a recipient's blood type is B what is the preferred and emergency donor's blood type?
B, for an emergency- O
54
If a recipient's blood type is AB what is the preferred and emergency donor's blood type?
AB, for an emergency- A, B, or O
55
If a recipient's blood type is O what is the preferred and emergency donor's blood type?
O only
56
What are the three forms of haemostasis?
Vasospasm, platelet plug, and coagulation
57
What is a vasospasam?
pain reflex from damaged internal walls or a complete breach that happens frequently
58
What does a platelet plug do?
platelets adhere to collagen fibers in a damaged area, this stimulates them to morph, stick together, and release Platelet factors (PFs)
59
What is a direct form of haemostasis?
platelet plugs
60
What are platelet plugs?
substances necessary for platelet plugging, steps in the coagulation cascade, clot integrity, clot retraction, and healing damaged tissues
61
What is coagulation?
clotting factors are inactive agents in the plasma that become activated in the cascade of reactions that lead to clot formation (thrombus)
62
What is required for coagulation?
Ca++ between most steps, PFs mainly at the beginning and end, and Vitamin K is essential for catalyzing the synthesis of some critical clotting factors
63
What is the indirect form of haemostasis?
coagulation
64
What are the two ways to end up with a clot?
extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
65
List the triggering event, activating substance, and the clotting factor activated in the extrinsic pathway.
tissue damage
VII
X
66
List the triggering event, activating substance, and the clotting factor activated in the intrinsic pathway.
blood contacting foreign surface/ substance
XII
X
67
Which is the fastest pathway for clotting?
Extrinsic (urgent, more bleeding)
68
Which pathway avoids unnecessary clots and wasted energy?
Intrinsic (may not be activated if platelet plug is able to cover up all collagen at the damaged site)
69
What is a common pathway?
activated X which leads to a clot
70
What is thrombin?
a blot-clotting enzyme that catalyzes the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen
71
How are the amounts of thrombin formed?
in proportion to the magnitude of the triggering event and activators produced
72
What happens to small amounts of thrombin that's produced by trivial events?
they get neutralized by antithrombin and do not form clots
73
What amount of thrombin is required?
substantial amounts, small amounts won't form clots
74
What is clot retraction?
contractile fibers formed by PFs that pull damaged edges together
75
What causes scar formation?
fibroblasts fill in between damaged edges on the skin
76
What does vitamin k aid in?
helps in the conversion of four clotting factors, without it, blood wouldn't clot
77
What can also cause intrinsic pathways?
metal or glass
78
What are two forms of haemostasis control?
rapid blood flow and anticoagulants
79
What does haemostasis control do?
prevents continuous or unneeded clotting
80
What does rapid blood flow do?
washes thrombin away from the area where it was converted
81
What is stasis?
a slow blood flow that allows clotting factors to accumulate and possibly form a thrombus and possible embolus
82
What are anticoagulants?
blood thinners
83
What are thrombolytic agents?
they digest clots
84
List four anticoagulants.
antithrombin, heparin, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and killikrein
85
Which anticoagulant is apart of the intrinsic pathway?
killikrein
86
Which anticoagulant is apart of the extrinsic pathway?
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
87
What is does antithrombin do?
binds thrombin that prevents fibrinogen activation, found in small amounts
88
Why is clotting a conservative process?
minor damage may not produce sufficient thrombin to overcome antithrombin so it is only used when truly needed
89
What does heparin do?
inhibits the cascade temporarily
90
What releases heparin?
mast and basophil cells
91
When is heparin released and why?
when tissues are injured and to prolonged bleeding and bathe damaged tissues with healing elements in the blood
92
Which organs are filled with heparin and why?
lungs and liver to prevent unwanted clots produced by slow blood flow
93
What does tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) do?
removes old clots and suppresses the cascade by converting plasminogen to plasmin and digests clots and some clotting proteins
94
What is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)?
a thrombolytic agent formed slowly by damaged cells
95
What is killikrein?
a thrombolytic agent that is activated slowly by factor XII and removes old clots and suppresses the cascade
96
What are some medications that act as anticoagulants and what do they do?
asprin: inhibits PFs so platelets are less able to help form clots, and coumadin: inhibits vitamin k that synthesizes several key clotting factors
97
What is a haematoma?
a blood tumor (big clot) usually where blood has pooled in the body
98
What are 3 bleeding disorders and what are they?
1. Haemophilla: most common, genetic defect (VIII m.c.), most girls cannot survive it
2. Vitamin K deficiency: a liver disease, can't make enough vitamin k or factor 10
3. Fragile vessels: diabetes, vitamin c deficiency (needed to make collagen in blood)
99
What is the process of pathological intravascular clotting?
thrombosis--embolism--ischemia--tissue death (infarction)
100
What happens to the arterial side in pathological intravascular clotting?
atherosclerosis/thrombus--embolism to capillary bed of a nearby organ
101
What can cause the venous side to create pathological intravascular clotting?
embolism from {stasis: slow blood flow and accumulation of clotting factors, phlebitis: inflammation in large veins, post surgery: clots/debris gets stuck, long bone fracture (fatty embolism) yellow marrow pieces get sucked in
102
What is thrombosis?
a blood clot you don't need
103
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells
104
Approximately how many WBCs are there in the body?
5,000-10,000 mm^3
105
What are the two types of WBCs?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
106
What are three types of granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
107
What are neutrophils?
the most numerous (60%) type of WBCs
108
What are granulocytes?
contain granules in the cytoplasm and contain lobed or pieces of nuclei
109
What are eosinophils?
WBCs in small amounts unless needed, large granules
110
What are basophils?
rare, huge, dark WBCs that migrate to tissues quickly to work there
111
What to eosinophil granules have?
anti-inflammatory agents that contain inflammation at the site
112
What do neutrophil granules have?
chief phagocytes that fight bacterial infections
113
What do basophil granules have?
inflammatory agents (to produce inflammation) and heparin (an anticoagulant)
114
What are agranulocytes?
don't contain granules, mononuclear, and large
115
What are two types of agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
116
What are lymphocytes?
second most numerous WBC (30%)
117
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, and NK cells
118
What are T cells?
killer cells that work with B cells and attack microbes, transplants, and tumors
119
What are B cells?
produce antibodies to conduct an immune response
120
What are NK cells?
independent killer cells
121
What are monocytes?
become macrophages (big eaters) to kill microbes and clean up tissue, only a few unless needed
122
What is myeloid tissue also called?
red marrow
123
Where are all formed elements spawned before entering the blood?
myeloid tissue/red marrow
124
Where do B cells go?
directly to lymphoid tissues (tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen) full functioning {B cells b-line to lymphoid}
125
Where do T cells go?
first the thymus gland to be matured and tested before residing in the lymphoid tissue {T cells to thymus to tes}
126
What is the lifespan of WBCs?
hours-days in acute infections; years for memory cells of the immune system
127
What is Leukocytosis?
elevated WBCs or one type of leukocyte that happens usually during infections (>10,000)
128
What is Leukopenia?
depressed WBCs or one type of leukocyte (<5,000)
129
Are bacterial infections an example of leukocytosis or leukopenia and which cells are affected most?
leukocytosis, neutrophils
130
Are viral infections an example of leukocytosis or leukopenia and which cells are affected most?
leukocytosis, lymphocytes
131
Are parasitic infections/allergies an example of leukocytosis or leukopenia and which cells are affected most?
leukocytosis, eosinophils
132
Is leukemia an example of leukocytosis or leukopenia and which cells are affected most?
extreme leukocytosis, lymphocytes
133
Is stress an example of leukocytosis or leukopenia?
leukopenia
134
Are HIV/AIDS an example of leukocytosis or leukopenia and which cells are affected most?
extreme leukopenia, too little helper T cells in lymphocytes
