Exam 2 Musings Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the percentages of plasma and formed elements in blood?
55-60%
Name the formed elements.
plasma, buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets), and Hematocrit (Hct)
What is the term for the production of formed elements in the red marrow?
haematopoiesis
What do you know about an Erythrocyte, Haemoglobin?
Erythrocytes are red blood cells that contain haemoglobin.
Erythrocytes: carry O2 and some CO2, 4-6million/mm^3, no nucleus, live approx. 4 months
Haemoglobin: red pigment, 4 polypeptide chains (globin) each with haeme group and Fe to bind to O2
Where does bilirubin come from and what is its fate?
toxic waste by-product formed out of the residual haeme group; dumped into the bile and emptied into the small intestine and turned into feces
Distinguish between the Anaemias given in class.
- Nutritional: protein, Fe, folic acid, B12 (intrinsic Factor)
- Haemorrhagic: blood loss
- Haemolytic: sickle cell, thalassemia, erythroblastosis foetalis (Rh)
- Aplastic: suppressed bone marrow
What is the role of thrombocytes? What is Thrombopoietin?
form platelet plugs and help in clotting; gets red marrow to keep producing platelets.
What kinds of functions do Plasma Proteins perform in blood? What is serum?
produce antibodies and contain clotting factors, fine-tunes osmotic pressure; plasma minus clotting factors (proteins)
What are the main, natural ways Haemostasis is maintained?
vasospasm, platelet plug, and coagulation
How to the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways differ
Extrinsic: urgent, more bleeding
triggering even- tissue damage
activating substance- VII
clotting factor activated- X
Intrinsic: may not be activated if platelet plug is good enough
triggering event- blood contacts foreign surface/substance
activating substance- XII
clotting factor activated- X
What roles does Antithrombin play in Haemostasis? Heparin?
binds thrombin that prevents fibrinogen activation; inhibits cascade temporarily, released when tissues are injured to prolong bleeding and bathe damaged tissues with healing elements in the blood
How does tPA work?
it converts plasminogen to plasmin then digests clots and some clotting proteins
What is the difference between an Anticoagulant and a Thrombolytic agent? Name some of each.
Anticoagulant: blood thinners (antithrombin, heparin
Thrombolytic agents: digests clots (tPA, killikrein)
What are two ways stasis is managed as a potential problem, i.e to avoid Thrombosis?
rapid blood flow and anticoagulants
What is the role of Vitamin K in coagulation? Why is Vitamin C important to vessels?
Vitamin K helps in the conversion of 4 clotting factors, helps blood clot
Vitamin C is necessary to make collagen in the blood
What is DVT?
deep vein thrombosis caused by stasis or phlebitis (inflammation in large veins); a clot stuck in a vein deep in the body
How does Thrombosis manifest differently in arteries and veins? What are some conditions that cause Thrombosis?
Arterial: thrombus–embolism to capillary bed of a nearby organ (brain and heart most critical)
Venous: embolism–lungs
Name 5 types of Leukocytes and their roles.
- Neutrophils: fight bacterial infections
- Eosinophils: anti-inflammatory agent released to contain inflammation
- Basophils: release inflammatory agents and heparin (anticoagulant)
- Lymphocytes: T and B cells conduct immune response to attack microbes, transplants, and tumors; Nk are independent killer cells
- Monocytes: macrophages that kill microbes and clean up tissues
Give some conditions or diseases that cause Leukocytosis and Leukopenia.
bacterial infection, viral infections, parasitic infections/allergies, leukemia: leukocytosis
stress, HIV/AIDS: leukopenia
What is an Objective Study?
Scientific research must be (unbiased) to be trustworthy. It is uncolored by (authority), (personal beliefs), (emotions), or (conflicts of interest).
