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BIOL1011 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The steps in the hemostasis process are

(1) platelets become sticky and form a platelet plug;
(2) prothrombin is converted to thrombin by prothrombin activator;
(3) walls of a damaged blood vessel undergo spasms;
(4) a clot forms from fibrin, platelets, and trapped red blood cells; and
(5) fibrinogen is converted to fibrin. Which of the following choices represents the correct order of these steps?
a. 3-2-1-4-5
b. 3-5-4-1-2
c. 1-3-2-4-5
d. 3-1-2-5-4

A

d. 3-1-2-5-4

(3) walls of a damaged blood vessel undergo spasms;
(1) platelets become sticky and form a platelet plug;
(2) prothrombin is converted to thrombin by prothrombin activator;
(5) fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
(4) a clot forms from fibrin, platelets, and trapped red blood cells;

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2
Q

Specific recognition proteins found on all cell surfaces (including red blood cell surfaces) are called ________.

A

antigens

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3
Q

Which of the following statements about blood types is true?

a. Individuals with type A blood have type A antigens on their blood cells and type A antibodies in their plasma.
b. Individuals with type B blood have type B antigens on their blood cells and type B antibodies in their plasma.
c. Individuals with type O blood have no A or B antigens on their blood cells and no A or B antibodies in their plasma.
d. Individuals with type O blood have no antigens on their blood cells, and they have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma.
e. Individuals with type AB blood have no antigens on their blood cells, and they have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma.

A

d. Individuals with type O blood have no antigens on their blood cells, and they have type A and type B antibodies in their plasma.

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4
Q

A person with which type of blood can technically receive blood from a person with any of the ABO blood types?

A

b. type AB blood

An individual with type AB blood has no antibodies against type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood. This person can technically receive blood from a person with any ABO blood type.

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5
Q

If substance A and substance B react by clumping together, the scientific term to use is ________.

A

agglutination (agglutinate)

When antigens and antibodies clump together, it is said that these substances agglutinate. One could also say agglutination has taken place.

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6
Q

Antigens on cell surfaces help a cell know the difference between ________.

A

self and non-self cells

Antigens on the cell surface help in cell recognition, so the cell can tell the difference between cells that are self and those that are non-self.

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7
Q

When discussing blood plasma, we can correctly say that plasma contains ________ that help to maintain _________.

A

albumins….osmotic balance

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8
Q

Which of the following steps in the formation of a blood clot occurs last?

A

Clotting proteins form an insoluble mesh.

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9
Q

Name the specific type of granular leukocyte that releases histamines that are important in the inflammatory response.

A

basophils

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10
Q

Platelets are _______ derived from __________

A

cell fragments… megakaryocytes

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11
Q

Which of the following statements can we accurately use to describe hemoglobin?

a. Hemoglobin is the protein that is responsible for turning megakaryocytes into doughnut-shaped red blood cells.
b. Hemoglobin is a protein found in white blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to individual cells.
c. Hemoglobin is the four-stranded protein molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the individual body cells.
d. Hemoglobin is the protein that is either found in decreased amounts or totally absent in persons with hemophilia. This lack then prevents normal blood clottin

A

c. Hemoglobin is the four-stranded protein molecule found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the individual body cells.

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT directly involved with hemostasis?

A

red blood cells

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13
Q

A person is diagnosed with “thrombocytopenia”: a deficiency of platelets. What would be a primary symptom of this condition

A

impaired blood clotting

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14
Q

Individuals who have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells will be:

A

Rh+

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15
Q

Plasma proteins do all of the following except

A

synthesize hormones

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16
Q

A person with kidney failure may become anemic, due to deficient production of

A

erythropoietin

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17
Q

What do red blood cells transport?

A

mostly oxygen and some carbon dioxide

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18
Q

_________ do not have a nucleus. ______ lack mitochondria, and so generate ATP by anaerobic pathways, so they do not consume any of the oxygen they carry.

A

Red blood cells

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19
Q

Stem cells are located in _____ and give rise to ____.

A

red marrow; all formed elements

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20
Q

The main phagocytic cells found in the body are:

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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21
Q

The formed elements of the blood include all of the following except:

A

proteins

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22
Q

Antibodies are:

A

gamma globulins.

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23
Q

A person who is ill has a blood test run that demonstrates an overabundance of eosinophils. What might this indicate?

A

a parasitic infection

24
Q

True or False. A blood clot consists of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells.

A

True.

25
Q

True or False. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all formed from stem cells located in bone marrow.

A

True

26
Q

True or False. An individual’s ABO blood type is determined by the presence of particular antigens on the white blood cell surfaces.

A

False

27
Q

True or False. Basophils are white blood cells that defend the body against large parasites.

A

False

28
Q

True or False. Leukemia refers to several types of blood cancer in which there is an abnormally high number of abnormal or immature white blood cells in the blood.

A

True.

29
Q

True or False. The kidneys secrete erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production by bone marrow.

A

True.

30
Q

True or False. Infectious mononucleosis is an infection of the monocytes caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.

A

False.

31
Q

True or False. If a person’s blood type is A-, then the A antigen is found on that person’s red blood cells and they also automatically have antibody that reacts with the Rh antigen.

A

False.

32
Q

True or False. Cord blood can be harvested from the umbilical cord of a newborn but can only provide red blood cell replacement in case of needed therapy or damage.

A

False.

33
Q

True or False. Cord blood can be harvested from the umbilical cord of a newborn but can only provide red blood cell replacement in case of needed therapy or damage.

A

False.

34
Q

True or False. An individual with thrombocytopenia would be likely to experience repeated bacterial infections.

A

False.

35
Q

True or False. Blood is a specialized type of epithelial tissue with the functions of transportation, regulation, and defense.

A

False.

36
Q

True or False. Red blood cells transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules.

A

True.

37
Q

True or False. Some of the noncellular substances found in plasma include water, electrolytes, hormones, and gases.

A

True.

38
Q

True or False. Hemostasis is the natural process of stopping the flow of blood or loss of blood, usually in response to injury.

A

True.

39
Q

True or False. The hematocrit measures the relative ability of an individual to fight off infection.

A

False.

40
Q

All of the following proteins are associated with blood. Which of these is found specifically inside red blood cells?

a. prothrombin
b. fibrinogen
c. albumin
d. hemoglobin

A

d. hemoglobin

41
Q

Which of the following make(s) up the greatest volume of whole blood?

a. platelets
b. red blood cells
c. plasma
d. white blood cells

A

c. plasma

42
Q

Which of the following influence(s) the bonding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

a. pH
b. oxygen concentration
c. temperature
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

43
Q

Jason has just spent four weeks in Rocky Mountain National Park, studying plants that grow above 10,000 feet elevation. Which of the following would be a likely change in his blood because of time spent at high elevation?

a. increased number of red blood cells
b. increased number of white blood cells
c. increased number of platelets
d. increased amount of globulins in the plasma

A

a. increased number of red blood cells

44
Q

A person with Type A− (A-negative) blood will have:

a. type A plasma antibodies
b. type A antigens on the red blood cells
c. Rh antigens on the red blood cells
d. all of the above

A

b. type A antigens on the red blood cells

45
Q

A deficiency of platelets would result in:

a. fatigue and dizziness
b. bleeding and bruising
c. increased susceptibility to infections
d. all of the above

A

b. bleeding and bruising

46
Q

What do erythroblasts, myeloblasts, lymphoblasts, and megakaryoblasts have in common?

A

They are immature cells found in the bone marrow.

47
Q

Jaundice is caused by the presence of __________ in the blood plasma, which is a breakdown product of ________

A

bilirubin … hemoglobin

48
Q

Which white blood cells are present in the greatest number in the blood and are the body’s first responders to infection?

A

neutrophils

49
Q

Hemophilia results from a lack of one or more plasma proteins involved in ___________

A

blood clotting

50
Q

Which property do red blood cells and platelets have in common?

A

Both lack a nucleus.

51
Q

Describe the functions of blood.
____________ of all substances needed anywhere in the body;
_________ of temperature, water volume, and pH;
______ against infections and from excessive blood loss.

A

Transportation…regulation… defence

52
Q

Describe the role of hemoglobin in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Hemoglobin carries __________ from the lungs to the tissues, delivering it to tissues
when a significant oxygen concentration gradient is present. Hemoglobin also
carries some ______ back to the lungs, where it is eliminated through respiration.

A

oxygen…CO2

53
Q

Explain how the production of red blood cells is regulated to maintain homeostasis of the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Certain cells in the _________ monitor the availability of oxygen. If the oxygen level drops, the ________ cells release the hormone _______. ___________
stimulates the production of red blood cells by the red bone marrow.

A

kidneys… kidney…erythropoietin…Erythropoietin

54
Q

Hematocrit is the percentage of __________ that consists of red blood cells (RBCs). Hematocrit is important because it is a relative measure of the ___________ capacity of blood. A low hematocrit signals ________.

A

whole blood…oxygen-carrying… anemia

55
Q

Describe how damaged or dead RBCs and the hemoglobin they contain are removed from the blood.
Damaged RBCs become trapped in the _____ and ______ and are removed by _______ cells that break down the cell and process the hemoglobin. The ____ is removed and the proteins are broken down, both for recycling within the body. The bilirubin derived from the _____ is secreted into the intestines as part of bile,
and ultimately excreted.

A

liver…spleen…phagocytic…iron…heme

56
Q

Both neutrophils and eosinophils are phagocytic, but for different things. ___________ primarily attack bacteria and protect the human body from
infection. _____________phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes that are seen in allergic reactions.

A

Neutrophils…Eosinophils

BIOL1011 (8 decks)

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