Urinary System

Question 1

___________ transports urine from the urinary bladder to the world outside the body.

Answer 1

The urethra

Question 2

Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.

Answer 2

renal pelvis … ureter …urinary bladder

Question 3

The urethra is identified by the letter _____.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Filtrate is formed as fluid is forced through the walls of the glomerulus and, initially, collects in the structure indicated by the letter

Answer 4

B

Fluid from the glomerulus first collects in Bowman’s capsule.

Question 5

The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys.

Answer 5

renal arteries

Question 7

The outer part of the kidney is the _____.

Answer 7

cortex

Question 8

Which of these is the functional unit of a kidney?

Answer 8

nephron

Question 9

Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), _____ is produced.

Answer 9

more concentrated urine

Question 10

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) makes the _____ permeable to water.

Answer 10

collecting duct

Making the collecting duct permeable to water results in the reabsorption of water.

Question 11

When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases

Answer 11

insulin.

Question 12

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Answer 12

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Question 13

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Answer 13

Liver cells.

Question 14

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Answer 14

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

Question 15

When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas releases

Answer 15

glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

Question 16

The body’s tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

Answer 16

homeostasis.

Question 17

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

Answer 17

blood cells and large particles

Question 18

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

Answer 18

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

Question 19

Which of the following would only be found in the glomerular filtrate if the glomerular membrane were damaged?

Answer 19

protein

Question 20

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

Answer 20

net filtration would decrease

Question 21

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

Answer 21

25 mm Hg

Question 22

The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman’s capsule is referred to as _____.

Answer 22

filtration

Blood pressure is the force behind the filtration of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman’s capsule.

Question 23

The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as _____.

Answer 23

secretion

Question 24

Which of these is reabsorbed from filtrate?

a. sodium chloride
b. glucose
c. water
d. amino acids
e. all of these

Answer 24

e. all of these

All of these, as well as bicarbonate ions, are reabsorbed from the filtrate.

Question 25

As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes _____ concentrated than the filtrate, so _____ leaves the filtrate.

Answer 25

more ... water The increasing solute concentration of the interstitial fluid results in water leaving the filtrate by osmosis.

Question 26

The most abundant solute in urine is \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 26

urea (and other nitrogenous wastes) Nitrogenous wastes, such as urea, are the primary solute found in urine.

Question 27

Which arrow indicates the direction of a gradient of increasing solute concentration in the interstitial fluid surrounding a nephron?

Answer 27

A only The solute concentration of the interstitial fluid increases along a gradient running from the exterior of the kidney to the center of the kidney.

Question 28

Glucose is removed from filtrate by \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 28

active transport

Question 29

Urine formation initiates with glomerular filtration, a process that relies on filtering large quantities of protein- free plasma into the Bowman's capsule by

Answer 29

passive diffusion through porous capillaries

Question 30

Aldosterone is secreted in response to changes in

Answer 30

blood pressure

Question 31

Minerals that crystallize in the renal pelvis are referred to as

Answer 31

kidney stones

Question 32

Movement of sodium across the cells of the collecting duct relies on which one of the following?

Answer 32

active transport

Question 33

The capillaries that serve as the major blood supply to the kidneys are called the

Answer 33

glomerulus

Question 34

Over 99% of the water filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed. At which one of the following locations does most of this water reabsorption occur?

Answer 34

proximal tubule

Question 35

The primary sources of the nitrogenous wastes that are eliminated by the kidneys are

Answer 35

proteins

Question 36

As urine moves through a nephron, it is modified by ions, water, and other materials either being secreted into the fluid or by efflux of substances out of the urine. However, such modifications do not occur in which one of the following regions of the nephron?

Answer 36

Bowman's capsule

Question 37

Which of the following groupings of organs is responsible for the maintenance of water balance in the body?

Answer 37

posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, kidneys

Question 38

Urination depends on

Answer 38

the neural micturition reflex

Question 39

The loop of Henle is essential to the production of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 39

a concentrated urine

Question 40

Which blood vessel delivers blood directly to the glomerulus for filtration?

Answer 40

afferent arteriole

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Answer 41

control white blood cell production

Question 42

The descending limb of the loop of Henle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 42

is highly permeable to water

Question 43

What enzyme produced by the kidneys dramatically raises blood pressure?

Answer 43

renin

Question 44

The major nitrogenous waste product in urine is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 44

urea

Question 45

Which of the following correctly traces the path of urine as it is formed within the kidneys?

Answer 45

glomerulus → proximal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → renal pelvis

Question 46

True or False. The prostate gland are part of the urinary system.

Answer 46

False.

Question 47

True or False. Vitamin D activation contributes to the formation of urine.

Answer 47

False.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a normal component of the glomerular filtrate that enters Bowman's capsule?

Answer 48

red blood cells

Question 49

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 49

proximal tubule

Question 50

What condition is kidney dialysis used to treat?

Answer 50

chronic renal failure (ESRD)

Question 51

All of the following hormones influence kidney function EXCEPT \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 51

erythropoietin

Question 52

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the reabsorption of water in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 52

ureters

Question 53

Which of the following is not a consequence of renal failure? ## Footnote a. hypertension b. edema c. increased blood urea nitrogen levels d. excessive red blood cell production e. blood becoming acidic

Answer 53

d. excessive red blood cell production

Question 54

Which organ detoxifies ammonia?

Answer 54

liver

Question 55

Which of the following is secreted into the filtrate?

Answer 55

hydrogen ions

Question 56

Aldosterone causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 56

increased sodium ion reabsorption

Question 57

A well-hydrated person will make a ____________ volume of ____________ urine.

Answer 57

large; hypotonic

Question 58

A kidney stone lodges in the ureter. As a result, urine will not be able to go from the ____________ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 58

kidneys; urinary bladder

Question 59

A person didn’t take her insulin shots and developed diabetic ketoacidosis. What will occur to fix her low blood pH?

Answer 59

She will secrete more hydrogen ions and increase ventilation.

Question 60

Which of the following is not a consequence of renal failure? ## Footnote a. hypertension b. edema c. increased blood urea nitrogen levels d. excessive red blood cell production e. blood becoming acidic

Answer 60

d. excessive red blood cell production

Question 61

What structure most directly drains into the renal pelvis?

Answer 61

collecting duct

Question 62

What is the function of the descending limb of the nephron loop?

Answer 62

reabsorbs water

Question 63

Which of the following should not normally be found in filtrate?

Answer 63

red blood cells

Question 64

What is true about the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 64

It releases renin.

Question 65

Which of the following would not be reabsorbed?

Answer 65

creatinine

Question 66

Antidiuretic hormone targets the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 66

collecting ducts

Question 67

A kidney stone lodges in the ureter. As a result, urine will not be able to go from the ____________ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 67

kidneys; urinary bladder

Question 68

Which organ stimulates red blood cell production and regulates pH?

Answer 68

kidneys

Question 69

True or False. Atrial naturetic hormone (ANH) is released when blood pressure is too low.

Answer 69

False. Atrial naturetic hormone (ANH) is not released when blood pressure is low.

Question 70

A person is born without microvilli. What process will be impacted?

Answer 70

tubular reabsorption

Question 71

Describe the correct order for urination to take place.

Answer 71

bladder stretches, reflex causes bladder to contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax, brain causes relaxation of the external urethral sphincter

Question 72

Enterostatin is a chemical that stops the production of ATP. Which process or processes will not be impacted?

Answer 72

only filtration

Question 73

What is the function of the glomerulus?

Answer 73

form filtrate

Question 74

What structure functions to form a concentrated urine?

Answer 74

collecting duct

Question 75

Urine originates from the blood. What process(es) occur in the nephron to cause a waste product to end up in urine?

Answer 75

filtration and tubular secretion

Question 76

The loop of Henle is essential to the production of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 76

a concentrated urine

Question 77

Which blood vessel delivers blood directly to the glomerulus for filtration?

Answer 77

afferent arteriole

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Answer 78

control white blood cell production

Question 79

True or False. A diuretic is any substance that increases the formation and excretion of urine.

Answer 79

True.

Question 80

True or False. Urination is controlled by the operation of two sphincter muscles, both of which are made of smooth muscle fibers and are voluntarily controlled.

Answer 80

False.

Question 81

True or False. Formation of urine involves filtration, reabsorption and secretion, all of which are done by the bladder.

Answer 81

False.

Question 82

True or False. Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys in response to an increase in blood oxygen levels.

Answer 82

False.

Question 83

True or False. The distal tubules deliver urine to the renal pelvis.

Answer 83

False.

Question 84

True or False. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone both help to control the composition of urine.

Answer 84

True

Question 85

True or False. Protein is typically part of the glomerular filtrate.

Answer 85

False.

Question 86

True or False. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

Answer 86

False.

Question 87

True or False. Hemodialysis is a chemical treatment that encourages the kidneys to function more efficiently as discarding waste.

Answer 87

False.

Question 88

True or False. High blood pressure in the glomerulus contributes to the formation of the glomerular filtrate.

Answer 88

True.

Question 89

True or False. The autonomic nervous system can control urine formation by constricting afferent and efferent arterioles during times of stress.

Answer 89

True.

Question 90

True or False. The kidneys participate in homeostatic regulation of blood pH by secreting bicarbonate ions and reabsorbing hydrogen ions.

Answer 90

False.

Question 91

True or False. The kidneys produce urine, maintain water balance, and regulate salt balance.

Answer 91

True.

Question 92

True or False. The filtering unit of the kidneys is called a neuron.

Answer 92

False.

Question 93

Which of the following organ systems is/are involved in excretion? a. urinary system b. integumentary system c. respiratory system d. all of these choices

Answer 93

d. all of these choices

Question 94

Three of the choices below are organ systems directly involved in excretion of wastes. Which system is not directly involved in excretion but interconnects the other three? a. urinary system b. respiratory system c. circulatory system d. digestive system

Answer 94

c. circulatory system

Question 95

The ______ detoxifies ammonia, producing\_\_\_\_\_\_ , which is excreted by the\_\_\_\_\_\_ .

Answer 95

liver … urea … kidneys

Question 96

The nitrogenous wastes excreted by the kidneys are produced through the metabolism of:

Answer 96

proteins

Question 97

the correct order of the structures through which urine would pass during formation and excretion?

Answer 97

nephron, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 98

transport of urine

Answer 98

urethra

Question 99

Protein is generally not found in the urine because:

Answer 99

It does not pass through the glomerular filter into the space within the glomerular capsule.

Question 100

Blood enters the glomerulus through the ________ and exits the glomerulus through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 100

afferent arteriole … efferent arteriole

Question 101

In tubular absorption, which of the following processes essentially drives all of the others?

Answer 101

active transport of Na+ from the proximal tubular cell toward a capillary

Question 102

All of the following would happen if an individual was perspiring heavily and becoming dehydrated except: a. ADH hormone would be secreted. b. The kidneys would reabsorb more water. c. The collecting ducts would become less permeable to water. d. Less urine would be produced.

Answer 102

c. The collecting ducts would become less permeable to water.

Question 103

How does ADH decrease the loss of water through the kidneys?

Answer 103

ADH increases water reaborption in the collecting ducts.

Question 104

ACE inhibitors decrease blood pressure by:

Answer 104

decreasing the amount of angiotensin II

Question 105

All of the following statements about UTIs are true except: a. Most UTIs are caused by bacteria. b. The shorter urethra predisposes women to more UTIs than men. c. UTIs are generally treated with antibiotics. d. UTIs usually start in the kidney and spread to the bladder.

Answer 105

d. UTIs usually start in the kidney and spread to the bladder.