Blood Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
what are the functions of bl
A
transport vital substances, regulation, preventing bl loss
2
Q
what does the bl transport
A
O2 and nutrients, metabolic wastes to lungs and kids, hormones from endocrine to target organs
3
Q
what does the bl regulate
A
body temp (absorb and distribute heat), normal pH (uses buffers), maintain adequate fluid volume
4
Q
how much of the blood is plasma
A
55%
5
Q
how much off the blood is the buffy coat
A
<1%
6
Q
how much of the blood is erythrocytes
A
45%
7
Q
what is the buffy coat
A
WBCs and platelets
8
Q
what is the approximate pH of blood
A
7.35-7.45
9
Q
what percent of the body’s weight is blood
A
8%
10
Q
what is the average blood volume in males and females
A
m: 5-6L
f: 4-5L
11
Q
what are the most abundant dissolved solutes
A
plasma proteins; remain in bl, produced by liver, albumin
12
Q
what is the function of albumin
A
carrier of the other molecules, bl buffer, contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
13
Q
what are the formed elements in bl
A
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
14
Q
which blood cells are complete
A
WBCs
15
Q
how long do the different bl types survive for
A
RBCs, 120 days; WBCs and platelets only a few days
16
Q
what is a differential WBC
A
looks at relative proportions of different WBCs; increases in specific ones can indicate different dxs
17
Q
prothrombin time (PT) and platelet count
A
assess hemostasis; maintain stable internal environments; help detect and dx a bleeding disorder
18
Q
CMP
A
comprehensive medical panel; bl chem profile that checks various bl chem levels; abnormal results can mean kid problems
19
Q
CBC
A
complete blood count; checks formed elements, hematocrit, and hemoglobin
20
Q
what is hematocrit
A
volume % of RBCs
21
Q
structure of erythrocytes
A
small diameter, biconcave, anucleate, no organelles, filled w/ hemoglobin, flexible
22
Q
3 features of RBCs for efficient gas transport
A
biconcave shape (huge surface area), lots of Hb, no mitochondria (use anaerobic)
23
Q
what is globin made of and how many oxygens can it carry
A
4 polypeptide chains, 4 oxygen carried max
24
Q
what is heme pigment
A
red, bound to each globin chain and the central iro atom binds to 1 oxygen
25
what is erythropoiesis and how long does it take
formation of RBCs and takes 15 days
26
balance of RBC production and destruction depends on
hormonal controls, dietary requirements,
27
what are the hormonal controls for erythropoiesis
erythropoietin, always small amount to maintain basal rate, released by kidneys in response to hypoxia, causes erythrocytes to mature faster
28
why do males have a higher hematocrit
testosterone enhances EPO production
29
what are the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis
iron from diet, vit b12 and folic acid (need for DNA synthesis), amino acids, carbs, lipids
30
how is iron in the body stored
stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin
31
how many RBCs are made in a second
>2mil
32
why are old bl cells retired
they become fragile and Hb begins to degenerate, can get trapped in smaller circulatory channels
33
how are RBCs broken down
macrophages in the spleen break them down
34
what is anemia
low RBCs or low Hb
35
what are the manifestations of anemia
fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, chills
36
what are the 3 types of anemia
bl loss, low RBCs, excessive RBC destruction
37
what are the types of bl loss anemia
hemorrhagic anemia (rapid bl loss) and chronic hemorrhagic anemia (slight but persistent bl loss)
38
what are the types of low RBC anemia
iron deficiency, pernicious, renal, aplastic,
39
iron deficiency anemia
low iron intake or absorption, RBCs produced are pale microcytes; can'y synth hemoglobin bc there isn't enough iron
40
pernicious anemia
autoimmune dx that destroys stom mucosa that produces the intrinsic factor needed to absorb b12 (b12 needed to help divide RBCs), RBCs can enlarge but not divide so you get megaloblasts and macrocytes
41
renal anemia
kids can't produce enough EPO, often accompanied by renal dx
42
aplastic anemia
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow, 50% has unknown cause, all formed element cell lines are affected
43
what are the types of excessive RBC destruction anemia
thalassemias and sickle cell anemia
44
thalassemias
one globin chain is absent or faulty, RBCs are thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin
45
sickle cell anemia
mutated hemoglobin, RBCs are crescent shaped and rupture easily and block small bl vessels and can lead to organ failure, poor O2 delivery and pain
46
what is polycythemia
excess of RBCs, increases bl viscosity
47
polycythemia vera
bone marrow cancer leading to excess RBCs, hematocrit may be as high as 80%, therapeutic phlebotomy
48
secondary polycythemia
caused by low O2 levels (high altitude or increased EPO production)
49
blood doping
athletes remove, store, and reinfuse RBCs to increase O2
50
how many WBCs per microliter
4800 - 10800
51
how do WBCs move in txs
ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis
52
what are the granulocytic WBCs
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
53
what are the agranulocytic WBCs
lymphocytes and monocytes
54
Abundance of WBCs
never let monekys eat bananas
55
characteristics of granulocytes
larger and shorter lived, lobed nuclei, phagocytic
56
neutrophils
hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins aka defensins; bacteria slayers, very phagocytic, kill microbes by respiratory burst or defensins merging w/ phagosome
57
what is respiratory burst
cell synthesizes potent oxidizing substances (bleach or hydrogen peroxide)
58
what is the defensin attack
fuse with phagosome, forms spears the pierce holes in the membrane of the ingested microbe
59
eosinophil function
release enzymes on parasitic worms and digest their surface, also play role in allergies, asthma, and immune
60
basophil function
rarest; contain histamine, functionally similar to mast cells
61
what does histamine do
inflammatory chem that acts as vasodilator and attracts other WBCs
62
lymphocyte types
t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes
63
what do t lymphocytes do
act against virus infected cells and tumor cells
64
what do b lymphocytes do
give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
65
function of monocytes
enter txs and differentiate into macrophages, actively phagocytic, crucial against viruses/intracellular bacterial parasites/chronic infections
66
what is hematopoiesis
formation of all bl cells, happens in red bone marrow; hormones and growth factors push cell toward specificity
67
all leukocytes originate from what
hemocytoblast stem cell
68
what are the 2 pathways of a hemocytoblast
lymphoid stem cells (lymphocytes) and myeloid stem cells (all other formed elements
69
leukocytosis
abnormally high WBC count; normally in response to infection
70
leukopenia
abnormally low WBC count; drug induced by anticancer drugs or glucocorticoids
71
leukemias
overproduction of abnormal WBCs; immature nonfunctional WBCs flood bl stream
72
acute leukemia
derives from stem cells and primarily affects children
73
chronic leukemia
proliferation of later stage cells and more prevalent in older people
74
what is a platelet made of
fragments of a large megakaryocyte
75
what are the chems involved in the clotting process
serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP, platelet derived growth factor
76
function of platelets
form temp plug that helps seal breaks in bl vessels
77
how are circulating platelets kept inactive
nitric oxide and prostacyclin from endothelial cells that line the bl vessels
78
how are platelets regulated
reg by thrombopoietin, formed in myeloid line from megakaryoblast
79
normal platelet count
150k-400k platelets/mL of blo
80
what is hemostasis
fast series of rxns for stoppage of bleeding
81
what are the 3 steps to hemostasis
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
82
what is the vascular spasm step of hemostasis
vessel vasoconstricts, most effective in smaller bl vessels, reduce bl flow until other mechanisms kick in
83
what is platelet plug formation
platelets stick to collagen fibers that are exposed when bl vessel is damaged; platelets release chems and become spiky and sticky in positive feedback cycle
84
what does von Willebrand factor do
stabalize platelet-collagen adhesion
85
what is coagulation
reinforces platelet plug w/ fibrin threads, bl becomes a gel, plasma proteins use clotting factors (procoagulants) but need vit k
86
intrinsic clotting mechanism
clotting factors in blood, triggered by negatvely charged surfaces (activated platelets, collagen)
87
extrinsic clotting mechanism
clotting factors outside of blood, triggered by exposure to tx factor (factor 3), bypasses several steps of intrinsic pathway so its faster
88
what is the role of thrombin
catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and activates procoagulant factors
89
how to get thrombin
prothrombin activator catalyzes transformation of prothrombin to activate enzyme thrombin
90
pathway to fibrin mesh
thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to fibrin; fibrin strands form structural basis of clot and catch the formed elements, thrombin activates factor 13 which cross links fibrin and stabilizes the clot
91
what is the function of endogenous anticoagulants
factors that prevent unwanted clotting
92
what are the factors limiting normal clot growth
antithrombin 3 inactivates unbound thrombin, heparin in basophils and mast cells inhibit thrombin by enhancing antithrombin 3
93
what are the factors preventing platelet adhesion
endothelium of bl vessels prevents platelets from clinging, endothelial cells secrete antithrombic substances like nitric oxide and prostacyclin, vit E quinone is also a potent anticoagulant
94
process of fibrinolysis
tx plasminogen activator (tPA), factor 12, and thrombin all play a role in the conversion process
95
what is fibrinolysis
process where clots are removed after repair in completed
96
thrombus
clot that develops and persists in an unbroken bl vessel, may block circulation and lead to tx death
97
embolus
thrombus freely flowing in bl stream
98
embolism
embolus obstructing a vessel
99
risk factors of an embolism
atherosclerosis, inflammation, slow flowing or bl stasis from immobility
100
thrombocytopenia
low number of circulating platelets
101
impaired liver function
liver stores iron, inability to synth procoagulants, liver dx can also stop production of bile (needed to absorb fat and vit k)
102
hemophilia
several hereditary bleeding disorder that prevent clotting
103
disseminated intravascular coagulation
(DIC) widespread clotting and severe bleeding; can occur in septicemia, incompatible bl transfusions, or complications in pregnancy
104
anticoagulant drugs
used to prevent undesired clotting
105
aspirin
antiprostaglandin, anticoagulant; inhibits platelets, lowers heart attack incidence
106
heparin
used for pre and post operative heart care, also prevents venous thrombosis
107
warfarin and other direct oral anticoagulants
reduce risk of stroke prone to atrial fibrillation (bl pools in the heart); interferes w/ vit k
108
thrombolytic drugs
used to break down clots
109
TPA
administeres w/in 3 hours of an embolic stroke that targets fibrin
110
streptokinase
used in some cases of heart attacks and pulmonary embolism
111
antigens
genetically determined glycoproteins
112
agglutinogens
certain antigens that determine a person's bl type
113
antibodies
react w/ the antigens present on transfused cells (RBCs can agglutinate and lyse)
114
another word for antibodies
agglutinins
115
blood type A
antigen: A
116
why are transfusion rxns bad
agglutinate and clog small bl vessels, rupture and release hemoglobin into the bl stream
117
autologous transfusion
patient predonates own blood that is stored ad available if needed
