Endocrine Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary
A
growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone
2
Q
what is the abbreviation for growth hormone
A
GH
3
Q
what is the abbreviation for prolactin
A
PRL
4
Q
what is the abbreviation for adrenocorticotropic hormone
A
ACTH
5
Q
what is the abbreviation for thyroid-stimulating hormone
A
TSH
6
Q
what is the abbreviation for follicle-stimulating hormone
A
FSH
7
Q
what is the abbreviation for Luteinizing hormone
A
LH
8
Q
what does GH do?
A
anti-insulin effects (decrease rate of cell glucose uptake and metabolism)
triggers glycogenolysis (glycogen-> glucose by liver)
increase bl levels of fatty acids
stimulates cells to enlarge and divide
9
Q
function of PRL
A
stimulate milk production in females
10
Q
function of ACTH
A
aka corticotropin
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
regulated by hypothalamus (CRH)
11
Q
function of TSH
A
stimulates normal development and regulates thyroid
metabolism/how body uses E
regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone
12
Q
function of LH
A
promotes production of gonadal hormones
females: mature follicules of egg, triggers ovulation, release of estrogen and progesterone
males: stimulates production of testosterone
13
Q
what makes the hormones for the posterior pituitary
A
hypothalamus
14
Q
what hormones does the psoterior pituitary store and release?
A
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
15
Q
what is the abbreviation for oxytocin
A
OT
16
Q
what is the abbreviation for antidiuretic hormone
A
ADH
17
Q
what is the function of OT
A
neurohormone
strong stimulant of uterine contractions and hormonal trigger for milk production
positive feedback mechanisms
18
Q
what si the function of ADH
A
targets kidney tubules reabsorb more water to inhibit urine production
triggered by stress/pain/low BP/ drugs
inhibited by alcohol and diuretics
high concentrations cause vasoconstriction
19
Q
what hormones does the thyroid produce?
A
T3, T4, calcitonin
20
Q
what is the function of T3 and T4
A
T3 is more metabolically active
role in digestion, heart fct, brain development and maintainence of bones
regulates weight, body temp, m strength, mood
growth
regulated by TSH
21
Q
what si the function of calcitonin
A
lowers Ca2+ levels
antagonist to PTH
@ high levels inhibits osteoclast activity and prevents release of Ca from bone matrix and stim Ca uptake
22
Q
what hormone does the parathyroid produce
A
parathyroid hormone
23
Q
what is the abbreviation for parathyroid hormone
A
PTH
24
Q
what does PTH do
A
most important in Ca2+ homeostasis
raises Ca2+ levels
25
what hormones does the adrenal cortex produce
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), gonadocorticoids (androgens)
26
what is the main mineralcorticoid
aldosterone
27
what is the main glucocorticoid
cortisol
28
what is the main gonadocorticoid
androgens
29
what is the function of aldosterone
```
stim Na reabsorption by kidneys
increase bl volume and BP
short term
stimulated by increase in K+
can be increased by ACTH when stressed
```
30
what is the function of cortisol
keep BGL constant, maintain BP, increase BGL/fatty acids/amino acids, gluconeogenesis, enhances catecholamines
triggered by ACTH, eating and activity
CNS can override cortisol inhibition by ACTH
31
what is the function of androgens
weak androgens converted to testosterone in tx cells and some to estrogen
may contribute to to onset of puberty and appearance to secondary sex chars, sex drive in women, and source of estrogen in postmenopausal women
32
what do excess levels of glucocorticoids do
depress cartilage and bone formation, inhibit inflammation by decreasing release if inflammatory chems, depress immune system, disrupt normal cardiovascular, neural, and GI fcts
33
what hormones does the adrenal medulla produce
epinephrine and norepinephrine
34
what are the functions of epineprhine
vasoconstriction, which increases BP, increased HR, increased BGL, bl to brain/<3/skel m
short term
35
norepinephrine
similar to epinephrine but less intense
more influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and BP
responses to stressors are brief
36
what hormones does the pancreas produce
insulin and glucagon
37
what is the function of insulin
raises BGL
| influenced by elevated BGL, rising levels of AA, release of ACh, glucagon, epinephrine, GH, thyroxine, glucocorticoids
38
what does insulin trigger cells to do
catalyze oxidation of glucose for ATP production, polymerize glucose to form glycogen, convert glucose to fat
39
how does insulin lower BGL
enahnces membrane transport of glucose into fat and m cells, inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose, inhibits conversion of AA or fats to glucose
40
what type of cells produce insulin
beta cells
41
what type of cells produce glucagon
alpha cells
42
function of glucagon
raises BGL
| triggered y decreased BGL, rising AA levels, sympathetic NS
43
how does glucagon raise BGL
break down glycogen into glucose, synth glucose from lactic acid + others, releases glucose into bl
44
what hormone does the pineal gland produce
melatonin
45
wat is the function of melatonin
regualtion of sleep cycles
production influenced by detection of light and dark by the retina
sleepy time
46
what hormone does the thymus produce
thymosin
47
what is the function of thymosin
necessary fot T cell production and development
important part of immune system
assist in the development of b cells to plasma cells to produce antibodies
48
what hormones do the ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
49
what is the function of estrogen
increased levels stimulate PRL
development of secondary sex chars in females
in men it helps the maturation or sperm and maintainence of a healthy libido
release stimulated by FSH
negative feedback loop
50
what are the secindary sex characteristics in females
boobs, endometrium, regulation of menstrual cycle
51
what is the function of progesterone
thickens the lining of the uterus each month
during pregancy is produced in the placenta and levels remain elevated
stimulated by LH
regulates itself w/ negative feedback loop
52
what hormones do the testes produce
androgens
53
what is the most common androgen
testosterone
54
what is the function of testosterone
men: regulate libido, bone mass, fat distribution, m mass, strength, prod of RBCs and sperm, increases levels of GH
regulated by hypothalamus and pituitary gland
55
what are the 3 factors that target cell activation depends on
bl levels of hormone, relative number of receptors on target cell, affinity of binding
56
what are the purely endocrine glands
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
57
what are the neuroendocrine glands
hypothalamus
58
what are the organs that are both endo and exocrine
pancreas, gonads, placenta
59
what hormone does adipose tx secrete
leptin; apetite control and stim increased E expenditure
60
what hormone does the heart secrete
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); dec bl Na+ concentration and subsequently BP and bl volume
61
what hormone does the kidney release
erythropoietin; stim production of RBCs
62
what hormone does the skin secrete
cholecalciferol; precursor of vit D to absorb Ca from intestine
63
what are the steroid hormones
estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
64
what are the 2 ways hormonal stimulation can be regulated
humoral, neural, hormonal
65
what is humoral stimulation of hormones
changing bl levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones (PTH)
66
what is neural stimulation of hormones
nerve fibers stim hormone release; modulation
67
what is modulation
NS can make adjustments to hormone levels when needed; catecholamines, epi and norepi
68
what is hormonal stimulation of hormones
hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones; hypothalamus -> ant pituitary
69
what is up regulation
target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
70
what is down regulation
target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels (desensitizes to prevent overreaction)
71
what is permissiveness
one hormone cannot exert its effects w/o another hormone being present (reproductive hormones and thyroid)
72
what is synergism
more than one hormone produces the same effect and amplifies the effects (glucagon and epi)
73
what is antagonism
1+ hormones oppose the actions of another hormone (insulin and glucagon)
74
what is the posterior pituitary made of?
neural tx that secretes neurohormones
75
what is the anterior pituitary made of?
glandular tx derived from out-pocket of neural mucosa
76
what is the infundibulum
hollow stalk which connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland
77
what is the neurohypophysis
posterior lobe of the pituitary and the infundibulum
78
what does the posterior pituitary secrete
oxytocin and ADH
79
how does the hypothalamus regulate secretion of the post pituitary
Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release oxytocin (OT) or ADH into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. These hormones are stored or released into the blood via the capillary plexus. These hormones travel along the axons into storage sites in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary
80
describe the homeostatic control mechanism involving ADH from the post pituitary
d. Sweating -> increase in plasma osmolarity -> hypothalamus senses and stimulates ant pituitary gland to release ADH -> ADH affects kid to reabsorb water and reduce osmolarity of plasma -> decrease sensed by hypothalamus
81
what type of hormones are the ant pituitary hormones
peptides
82
all but what hormone secreted by the ant pituitary activate target cells w/ cAMP
GH
83
which 2 of the ant pituitary hormones are not tropic hormones
GH and PRL
84
what is a tropic hormones
a hormone that regulates the secretion of other hormones
85
how are the release of TSH and ACTH regulated by the hypothalamus
ACTH is triggered by CRH in daily rhythm
86
what does CRH stand for
corticotropin releasing hormone
87
what are follicules
hollow sphere of follicular cells that produce thyroglobulin (glycoprotein)
88
what cells does TH affect
virtually every cell in the body; triggers transcription of various metabolic genes
89
what are the effects of TH
increased basal metabolic rate and heat production; regulates tx growth and dev, maintains BP
90
describe the synthesis of TH
thyroglobulin is synth and released into follicle lumen; iodide is trapped and oxidized and attached to tyrosine; iodated tyrosines form T3 and T4; colloid is endocytosed by follicular cells and lysosomal enzymes cleave T3 and T4
91
what is colloid
fluid of follicle lumen containing thyroglobulin and iodide
92
how is TH regulated
negative feedback; decreased TH levels stimulate TSH to be released; increased TH levels (and dopamine, GHIH, cortisol, and iodide) can inhibit TSH
93
how does PTH regulate bl Ca levels
secreted in response to low levels of Ca 2+
94
what specifically is the function of PTH
stim osteoclasts to digest bone matrix, enhance reabsorption of Ca and secretion of phosphate by kids, promotes vit D activation by kids (leads to inc Ca absorption)
95
where are steroid hormones stored
they aren't stored, release depends on synthesis
96
what does the zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids
97
what does the zona fasciculata produce
glucocorticoids
98
what do glucocorticoids do
influence metabolism to resist stressors, keel BGL pretty constant, maintain BP by increasing action of vasoconstrictors
99
actions of cortisol/hydrocortisone
increase BGL, fatty acids and amino acids; gluconeogenesis, enhances fatty acids so brain can have glucose; enhances catecholamines to cause vasoconstriction
100
what can excessive glucocorticoids do
depress cart and bone formation, inhibit inflammation, depress immune system, disrupt normal cardiovascular/neural/GI fcts
101
what does zona reticularis produce
gonadocorticoids
102
proportion of epi to norepi
80 to 20
103
effects of catecholamines
vasoconstriction, inc BP, inc HR, inc BGL, bl to brain, heart, skel m
104
difference between epi and norepi
epi: stim metabolic activities (bronchodilation, bl flow, gluconeogenesis); norepi: influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and BP
105
short term stress hormones
catecholamines; neurotransmitters that increase alertness, (HR, BP, metabolic rate all inc)
106
long term stress hormones
cortisol; kids retain sodium and water, bl volume and BP increase, proteins and fats convert to glucose, immune suppressed
107
what is gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from nonsugar precursors, such as lactate, pyruvate, and the carbon skeleton of glucogenic amino acids
108
what is glycogenesis
the formation of glycogen from sugar
109
what is glycogenolysis
glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels
110
what is glycolysis
metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− (pyruvic acid), and a hydrogen ion, H
111
what are the islets of langerhans
regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells
112
what do the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans do
produce glucagon, the hyperglycemic hormone to raise glucose
113
what do the beta cells in the islets of langerhans do
create insulin, hypoglycemic hormone, lowers BGL
114
how does glucagon work on the liver
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
115
3 ways insulin lowers BGL
enhance mem transport of glucose into fat and m cells, inhibits breakdown of glycogen into glucose, inhibits conversion of AA or fats to glucose
116
factors that influence insulin release
elevated BGL, rising bl levels of AA or fatty acids, release of ACh by parasympathetic fibers
117
causes of diabetes mellitus
complete insulin deficit or hyposecretion of insulin/insulin resistance
118
abbreviation for diabetes mellitus
DM
119
what is type I DM
complete insulin deficit, destruction of beta cells
120
what is type II DM
hyposecretion of insulin or insulin resistance, dec insulin receptors, abnormal translocation of glucose transporters, impaired insulin prod
121
risk factors of type II DM
female, obesity, aging, non Caucasian, sedentary lifestyle
122
3 cardinal signs of DM
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
123
what is polyuria
huge urine output, glucose is osmotic diuretic; glucosuria and ketonuria
124
what is polydipsia
excessive thirst bc of polyuria
125
what is polyphagia
excessive hunger and food consumption; cells startving bc they cant get enough glucose
126
what is hyperlipidemia
high levels of fatty acids in bl, results in ketones which when they build up can cause diabetic ketoacidosis
127
clinical manifestations of DM
systemic changes over time and increase risk of other dxs like metabolic syndrome, hypertension, CVA dx, stroke
128
what are the vascular complications of DM
damage to bl vessels, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack, stoke, blindness, kid failure
129
neuropathic complications of DM
autonomic: GI and bladder dysfunction, techycardia, postural hypotension, sexual dysfunction; sensory: carpal tunnel, parethesias
130
water soluble hormone receptors
AA hormones, transported in bl, act on plasma membrane receptors, G protein second messengers, can't enter cell
131
lipid soluble hormones receptors
steroid and thyroid hormones; transported in the bl attached to plasma proteins, act on intracellular receptors to directly activate genes, enter cell
132
cAMP
hormone binds to receptor, receptor activates G protein, G protein activates/inhibits effector enzyme adenylate cyclase, adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate other proteins
133
how is cAMP stopped
rapidly degraded by phosphodiesterase to stop the cascade
134
pip2-calcium
hormone activated G protein activates phospholipase c, which splits membrane protein (PIP2) into 2 second messengers (DAG and IP3), also Ca ions
135
what is the function of DAG
activate protein kinases
136
what is the function of IP3
causes Ca2+ release from intracellular storage
137
direct gene activation mode of action of hydrophobic hormones
receptor hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to specific region of DNA, helps initiate transcription to produce mRNA, mRNA translated into specific proteins
138
pituitary dwarfism
hyposecretion of GH in children, anterior pituitary
139
gigantism
hypersecretion of GH in adults, ant pituitary
140
acromegaly
hypersecretion of GH in adults
141
hyperthyroidism
high metabolic rate, sensitivity to heat, restlessness, hyperactivity, weight loss, protruding eyes, goiter
142
graves dx
autoantibodies bind to TSH receptors of thyroid cell (mimic TSH) and overstimulate the gland; exophthalmia and goiter
143
hashimoto dx
autoantibodies attack thyroid cells, resulting in hypothyroidism
144
infantile hypothyroidism
cretinism, stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation, low body temp, slugishness
145
adult hypothyroidism
myxedema, low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, slugishness, poor appetite, swollen txs, mental dullness
146
simple goiter
deficiency of thyroid hormones dt iodine deficiency
147
cushing's syndrome
adrenal cortex, high levels of cortisol dt meds or too much ACTH
148
addison's dx
adrenal cortex, too little steroid hormones (aldosterone and cortisol)
