Blood

Question 1

ABO blood group

Answer 1

blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface

Question 2

agglutination

Answer 2

clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies

Question 3

agranular leukocytes

Answer 3

leukocytes with few granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells

Question 4

albumin

Answer 4

most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma

Question 5

anemia

Answer 5

deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

Question 6

antibodies

Answer 6

(also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

Question 7

anticoagulant

Answer 7

substance such as heparin that opposes coagulation

Question 8

antithrombin

Answer 8

anticoagulant that inactivates factor X and opposes the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin in the common pathway

Question 9

B lymphocytes

Answer 9

(also, B cells) lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity

Question 10

basophils

Answer 10

granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin

Question 11

bilirubin

Answer 11

yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products

Question 12

biliverdin

Answer 12

green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver

Question 13

blood

Answer 13

liquid connective tissue composed of formed elements—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma; component of the cardiovascular system

Question 14

bone marrow biopsy

Answer 14

diagnostic test of a sample of red bone marrow

Question 15

bone marrow transplant

Answer 15

treatment in which a donor’s healthy bone marrow with its stem cells replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow of a patient

Question 16

buffy coat

Answer 16

thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood

Question 17

carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 17

compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, and one of the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

Question 18

clotting factors

Answer 18

group of 12 identified substances active in coagulation

Question 19

coagulation

Answer 19

formation of a blood clot; part of the process of hemostasis

Question 20

colony-stimulating factors (CFS)

Answer 20

glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils)

Question 21

common pathway

Answer 21

final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot

Question 22

cross matching

Answer 22

blood test for identification of blood type using antibodies and small samples of blood

Question 23

cytokines

Answer 23

class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease

Question 24

defensins

Answer 24

antimicrobial proteins released from neutrophils and macrophages that create openings in the plasma membranes to kill cells

Question 25

deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 25

molecule of hemoglobin without an oxygen molecule bound to it

Question 26

diapedesis

Answer 26

(also, emigration) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues

Question 27

embolus

Answer 27

thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation

Question 28

eosinophils

Answer 28

granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms

Question 29

erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 29

glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels

Question 30

extrinsic pathway

Answer 30

initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway

Question 31

ferritin

Answer 31

protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

Question 32

fibrin

Answer 32

insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot

Question 33

fibrinogen

Answer 33

plasma protein produced in the liver and involved in blood clotting

Question 34

fibrinolysis

Answer 34

gradual degradation of a blood clot

Question 35

formed elements

Answer 35

cellular components of blood; that is, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Question 36

globin

Answer 36

heme-containing globular protein that is a constituent of hemoglobin

Question 37

globulins

Answer 37

heterogeneous group of plasma proteins that includes transport proteins, clotting factors, immune proteins, and others

Question 38

granular leukocytes

Answer 38

leukocytes with abundant granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 39

hematocrit

Answer 39

(also, packed cell volume) volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of centrifuged blood

Question 40

heme

Answer 40

red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin

Question 41

hemocytoblast

Answer 41

hemopoietic stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood

Question 42

hemoglobin

Answer 42

oxygen-carrying compound in erythrocytes

Question 43

hemolysis

Answer 43

destruction (lysis) of erythrocytes and the release of their hemoglobin into circulation

Question 44

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Answer 44

(also, erythroblastosis fetalis) disorder causing agglutination and hemolysis in an Rh+ fetus or newborn of an Rh− mother

Question 45

hemophilia

Answer 45

genetic disorder characterized by inadequate synthesis of clotting factors

Question 46

hemopoiesis

Answer 46

production of the formed elements of blood

Question 47

hemopoietic growth factors

Answer 47

chemical signals including erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular blood progenitor cells

Question 48

hemopoietic stem cell

Answer 48

type of pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood (hemocytoblast)

Question 49

hemorrahage

Answer 49

excessive bleeding

Question 50

hemosiderin

Answer 50

protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

Question 51

hemostasis

Answer 51

physiological process by which bleeding ceases

Question 52

heparin

Answer 52

short-acting anticoagulant stored in mast cells and released when tissues are injured, opposes prothrombin

Question 53

hypoxemia

Answer 53

below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)

Question 54

interleukins

Answer 54

signaling molecules that may function in hemopoiesis, inflammation, and specific immune responses

Question 55

intrinsic pathway

Answer 55

initial coagulation pathway that begins with vascular damage or contact with foreign substances, and results in the activation of the common pathway

Question 56

leukemia

Answer 56

cancer involving leukocytes

Question 57

leukocyte

Answer 57

(also, white blood cell) colorless, nucleated blood cell, the chief function of which is to protect the body from disease

Question 58

leukocytosis

Answer 58

excessive leukocyte proliferation

Question 59

leukopenia

Answer 59

below-normal production of leukocytes