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Foundations of Medicine > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

LO blood

A

know average circulation vblood list funcion of blood name plasma protein describe composition plasma know normal life spam rbc describe function rbc function of erythropoietin

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2
Q

Normal 70kg male pump how much blood?

A

5 L 1L in lung 3L in systemic venous circulation 1L in heart and arterial circulation

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3
Q

How much blood volume is in a new born baby?

A

350ml

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4
Q

Function of blood

A
  1. carriage of physiologically active compounds (hormones etc) (plasma) 2. Clotting (platelets_ 3. Defence (WBC) Carriage of gas (RBC)_ Maintenance of ECF PH
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5
Q

Composition of Blood

PLasma

A

half wight of blood 4% body weight - 95% water

circulates biologically active molecules and compounds (hormones etc)

composition normally kept within strict limits

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6
Q

plasma proteins subdivided into 3 categories.

A

1) albumin (60% plasma protein - oncotic pressure and circulate vitamins and steroid hormones)
2) globulins - subdivided in to alpha and beta globulins. behave similar to albumin (gamma globiline are immunology related)
3) fibrinogen and other glotting factors - specific role.

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7
Q

Do plasma proteins move to other compartments?

A

No, they stay in the plasma - too large to move. perform a function in circulation. compared to organic compounds (hormones) use blood as a vehicle and then leave and dissociate to target tissues.

what proteins carry can dissociate.

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8
Q

colloid oncotic pressure

A

like osmotic pressure force generated across capillary wall that drive movement of water. this driving is determined by the plasma proteins.

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9
Q

What’s the net movement in colloid oncotic pressure

A

director pf movement determines by a balance between colloid oncotic pressure favours movement into capillary - capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) favours movement out of the capillary.

Result: concentration of fluid remains unchanged, the volume of plasma and ISF alters ISF acts as fluid reservoir (volume approx 3-4 times greater than plasma)

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10
Q

Abnormally low levels of circulating plasma protein ___

A

Hypoproteinemia

Causes - prolonged starvation

liver disease

intestinal disease

nephrosis (kidney disease)

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11
Q

What is Hypoproteinemia?

A

Abnormally low levels of circulating plasma protein

caused by - prolonged starvation

liver disease

intestinal disease

nephrosis (kidney disease)

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12
Q

Composition of blood and haematopeisis

A

In circulation

erythrocyte RBC

platelets (not a blood cell technically)

WBC - neutrophil, monocyte, basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte.

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13
Q

difference between white blood cell and red blood cell

A

Red blood cell doesn’t have a nucleus - white blood cell does.

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14
Q

committed progenitor cell

A

Cells that have committed to becoming one particular blood cell

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15
Q

where does progenitor megacaryocyte remain

A

Bone marrow.

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16
Q

myeloid cells

A

all cells in circulation apart from lymphocytes (lymphoid cells)

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17
Q

lymphocytes are which of the circulating cells

A

Lymphoid cells

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18
Q

Why is it important to know about lymphoid and myeloid cells?

A

in Leukaemia will determine which WBC affected myeloid or lymphoid cells

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19
Q

What is erythrocyte (RBC) lifespan

A

128 days

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20
Q

What is erythrocyte (RBC) size shape and composition

A

7-8 um highly flexible biconcave, non neucleated cell

densely packed with haemoglobin (protein concerned with gas transport)

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21
Q

What is erythrocyte (RBC) colour attribute to

A

Oyhaemoglohin (light red) arterial

deoxyhemoglobin (dark red) venous.

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22
Q

Erythropoiesis is what?

A

Synthesis of red blood cells

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23
Q

How is Erythropoiesis accelerated

A

By the hormone erythropietin

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24
Q

where is erythropoietin secreted (to cause erythropoiesis/synthesis RBC)

A

85% kidney

15% liver

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25
what happens if we do not have Erythropoietin
Slow maturation of RBC
26
Erythropoietin stimulates what?
progression of potent stem cells to become mature erythroblasts (immature RBC) released circulation no longer influences by erythropoietin
27
Erythropoietin is influencing erythrocyte where?
**BONE MARROW** Once released into circulation then no longer under influence of erythropoietin they undergo normal 24-hour maturation into Reticulocytes (immature red blood cells).
28
When is erythropoietin released? and where from
When there is a **low level of 02** in the system **getting to tissues (hypoxia)**, erythropoietin is released from the kidney and liver.
29
What happens when the kidney gets less oxygen
it releases erythropoietin role RBC to carry o2 - so less o2 - increase delivery from secreting erythropoetin
30
What conditions would cause increase levels erythropoetin?
Hypoxia, trauma, anaemia, cardiac dysfunction, lung disease.
31
This reduced 02 (hypoxia) and kidney releasing erythropoietin is what type of feedback response?
Negative feedback response.
32
What is a common secondary effect of anaemia?
Renal disease
33
why can anemia occur with renal disease?
the kidney is the dominant source of erythropoietin - the liver can produce but not compensate produce by kindle. so if the kidney cannot produce erythropoietin - cannot produce enough RBC - anaemia occurs,
34
WBC and diff RBC
larger than RBC fewer than RBC involved in defence against pathogen.
35
WBC typed
Granulocyte: neutrophil, basiphil eoseinphil agranulocyte - **lymphocyte:** b cell, t cell, helper t cell, killer t cells **monocytes:**
36
What is most abundant WBC
Neutrophil
37
What is least abundant WBC
Basophils
38
Monocyte
circulate in blood circulation - they stay in connective tissue 2 months - known as macrophages.
39
What WBC is not in circulation
Macrophages (previously monocyte)
40
what are important phagocytic cells?
neutrophil and macrophage
41
what is leukopoiesis
Synthesis of WBC
42
what is leukopiesis controlled by
cytokines (peptides or proteins) releases from one cell type tp another
43
what are interleukin
cytokines communicate between wbc release one wbc to another
44
where are cytokines released what does it do?
from mature WBC stimulate mitosis and maturation of leukocyte
45
Infection shows an increase of what for what?
Bacterial - neutrophils Viral - lymphocytes
46
what is a differnetial white cell count
differentiate differnce between infectionwtypes
47
what Platelets regarding WBC
not a WBC - membrane-bound cell fragment (from megakaryocyte) rarely nucleated
48
what is the formation of Platelets WBC governed by?
Thrombopoietin
49
what do PLatelets (regarding WBC) do in response to damage/infection
Adhere to damaged vessel walls and exposed connective tissue to mediate blood clotting.
50
what do PLatelets (regarding WBC) **NOT DO** in response to damage/infection
they DO NOT adhere to health intact endothelium
51
what are PLatelets (regarding WBC) lifespan
Average 10 days
52
what is hematocrit
a common measurement of blood.
53
in haematocrit what would you expect to see in tube and where
plasma on top, WBC middle RBC bottom
54
In haematocrit what is normal range?
normal range 40-50%
55
what is the ywllow product in haematocrit
billirubin
56
what is bilirubin
A break down product of RBC
57
what organ is biliruben processed by
Liver
58
what happens when liver is dysfunctional and doesn't break down bilirubin
build up of bilirubin - plasma taken on increased amount bilirubin **increase makes cause skin mucus membrane and white of eyes to go yellow = jaundice**
59
lifespan of RBC how does it get recycled?
128 days - at the end of 128 days spleen removed from circulation and breaks down into bilirubin.
60
the viscosity of plasma compared to water.
plasma majority water 1.8 viscosity. thicker than water.
61
viscosity of whole blood compared to water
3-4 x thicker than water.
62
what is viscosity dependent on?
haematocrit 50% increase = increases viscosity approx 100%
63
what else increases viscosity
increase temperature - decreases viscosity and vice versa. 1 degree C changed viscosity by around 2%
64
what has hypothermia got in relation to viscosity
hypothermia will increase viscosity - means more work for the heart to pump blood
65
another viscosity cause in blood
Flow rate - decreased flow rate increases viscosity and vice versa. as reduces cell-cell adhesions
66
Plasma is \_\_% water and \_\_% protein ions nutrients and waste product. Blood is __ plasma and \_\_\_% formed component
Plasma is 95% water and 5% protein, ions, nutrients and waste products. Blood is 50% plasma and 50% formed components (blood cells and platelets).
67
what WBC involved in combating parasites and have a role in allergy.
Mast cells are also a type of white blood cells and they have granules that contain substances that are toxic to parasites and host tissues. They have on their surfaces, receptors that are specific to IgE antibodies (IgE Abs) and can bind to them, this class of Abs are usually produced against some parasites and some allergens. When these antibodies that are bound to mast cells interact and bind with these substances which are called allergen, mast cells release their granules` content which includes many chemicals mainly histamines. this leads to local effects like runny rose, watery eyes, itching, which are characteristic to allergic diseases such hay fever, but if the amount of histamine released is larger, then this might lead to constriction of airway which might cause breathing difficulties, the main symptom of Asthma, or dilation of blood vessels which cause low blood pressures and sometimes death.
68
Components of the innate immunity include:
phagocytes, mast cells, basophils are components of the innate immunity, while T lymphocytes are components of adaptive immunity as they differentiated to cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.
69
Components of the adaptive immunity include:
**T lymphocytes are components of adaptive immunity as they differentiated to cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.** phagocytes, mast cells, basophils are components of the innate immunity,
70

Foundations of Medicine (12 decks)

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