Week 1 Cell structure, Thermodynamic Flashcards

Question

What are the 5 Chemical reactions of **life**

Answer 1

## Footnote **Redox reactions** **Making and breaking C-C bonds** **internal rearrangements** **group transfer** **condensation and hydrolysis reactions**

Answer 2

Glucose - NADH+ reduced to NAD

Answer 3

Cleavage of glucose in the glycolysis pathway

Answer 4

Glycolysis, rearrangement of the conformation of G6P (Glucose 6-phosphate) occurs before sugar is split

Answer 5

Glycolysis, phosphoryl group is transferred from ATP to f6p ( Fructose 6-phosphate)

Answer 6

**Glucose polymers** Condensation chemical process 2 molecules are joined together to make a larger, more complex, molecule, with the loss of water. Hydrolysis is the opposite to condensation. A large molecule is split into smaller sections by breaking a bond, adding -H to one section and -OH to the other.

Answer 7

1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids

Answer 8

**Polymers of nucleotide monomers linked by 3', 5' phosphodiester bonds** **formed of a base, sugar and phosphate** polymer - substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. monomer - a molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers, which are the building blocks of proteins

Answer 9

Cytosine Thymine

Answer 10

Adenine Guanine

Answer 11

Fatty acids and glycerol Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen bonds

Answer 12

Water is a polar molecule = charge within the molecule is not evenly distributed. Giving slight +ve charge at the (H) hydrogen end and slight -ve charge on the (O) oxygen end. Polarity allows hydrogen bonding

Answer 13

A **weak bond** between **two molecules** resulting from an _electrostatic attraction_ between a _proton in one molecule_ and an _electronegative atom_ in the other

Answer 14

Can form hydrogen bonds Then they dissolve the water - water (H) hydrogen bonding and Solute - Solute (H) hydrogen bonding is replaces with more energetically favourable Solute - Water (H) hydrogen bonding example - Ketone

Answer 15

Do not dissolve readily in water Arrange themselves in water to minimise disruption of hydrogen bonding among surrounding water molecules.

Answer 16

The measure of hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 17

Partially dissociated, can act as a buffer

Answer 18

Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in PH

Answer 19

Henderson - Hasslebach equation PH alpha [buffer] / [H-buffer]

Answer 20

Break down of **complex** molecules

Answer 21

Build-up **(synthesis)** of complex molecules

Answer 22

catabolism and anabolism work together with the **energy** from **catabolism** providing the energy for **anabolism**

Answer 23

Each step is catalysed by enzymes spontaneous reactions move towards equilibrium Enzymes function or selectively alter the rate of particular parts of the metabolic pathways.

Answer 24

**ATP hydrolysis:** hydrolyses ATP to ADP and phosphate group Released free energy which is harnessed to drive thermodynamically **unfavourable** reactions. through copping of catabolic thermodynamically **favourable** reactions.

Answer 25

Functional groups are _specific groupings of atoms_ within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule. Common examples are **alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, and ethers.**

Answer 26

Plasma pH is proportional to bicarbonate ion concentration divided by carbonic acid concentration (or CO2 levels as remember we can substitute CO2 for carbonic acid and get the same effect in terms of movement of pH)

Answer 27

The aetiology of a disease describes its causative factors. The process by which a disease develops is the pathogenesis.

Answer 28

saturated fatty acid has no double bonds, all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds

Answer 29

for carrying lipid around the blood. Proteins are generally water soluble so are readily transported in plasma. Lipids are not water soluble and thus need to be packaged into chylomicrons to ease transport in the blood.

Answer 30

most proteins are amphipathic meaning they have a water loving (hydrophilic) and a water repellent (hydrophobic) part. By orientating themselves such that the hydrophobic part gets buried deep within the protein molecule and the hydrophilic part is on the outside exposed to the aqueous environment, the molecule becomes water soluble.

Answer 31

NO multipotent stem cells can differentiate in **many,** but **not all,** cell types. **Pluripotent stem cells** can form **any cell** in the body. _**Adult** stem cells are **multipotent**._ **Embryonic** stem cells are **pluripotent**.

Answer 32

**bicarbonate ions** are the main buffering agents in plasma. Phosphate ions buffer intracellular fluid.

Answer 33

is an example of **reduction.** NAD+ **gains** an electron to become NADH (remember OIL RIG where Reduction Is Gain (of electrons)). However NAD+ is an oxidising agent in that it oxidises another molecule at the same time as it is itself reduced to NADH.

Answer 34

NO **albumin is a plasma protein** and is thus confined to the plasma compartment. It **cannot** move into the interstitial fluid compartment. Because extracellular fluid (ECF) is a product of plasma volume and interstitial fluid (ISF) volume you need a marker that can move freely between plasma and ISF, but not intracellular fluid, in order to be able to measure ECF volume. **Sucrose or radiolabelled Na+ would do the job nicely.**

Week 1 Cell structure, Thermodynamic Flashcards

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