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SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology > Blood and blood groups > Flashcards

Blood and blood groups Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood do?

A

serves as a transport medium
delivers oxygen

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2
Q

What is blood made from?

A

plasma and red blood cells (eythrocytes)

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3
Q

what two things does a buff coat consist of?

A

platelets and white blood cells (leucocytes)

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4
Q

Of what percentage is plasma water?

A

90%

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5
Q

of what percentage is plasma made from plasma proteins?

A

8% (albumin, globulin, clotting proteins)

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6
Q

What percentage of plasma is organic substances?

A

1.1% (glucose, amino acids, urea, hormones)

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7
Q

What percentage of plasma is inorganic substances?

A

0.9% Electrolytes (sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium)

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8
Q

Plasma electrolytes- what do potassium ions affect?

A

heartbeat

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9
Q

Plasma electrolytes- what do sodium ions reduce?

A

Reduces fluid volume (causing dizziness and weakness)

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10
Q

Plasma electrolytes- what causes people to lose electrolytes?

A

diarrhoea and vomiting

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11
Q

what do plasma electrolytes surround?

A

every cell and organ

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12
Q

what is haematopoiesis?

A

formation of all blood cells

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13
Q

where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

bone marrow

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14
Q

what shape are red blood cells?

A

biconcave disc

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15
Q

red blood cells are the only cell that doesnt have a …….?

A

nucleus (anucleate)

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16
Q

What occurs if red blood cells get damaged?

A

they cannot repair as they haven’t got a nucleus

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17
Q

where is the haemoglobin site- red blood cells

A

inside

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18
Q

red blood cells- what is the central molecule within haemoglobin?

A

Iron

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19
Q

Where does diffusion of oxygen occur?

A

blood stream

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20
Q

what is produced with oxygen binds to haemoglobin?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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21
Q

what mutation occurs in sickle cell anaemia?

A

distorted shape
haemoglobin protein sticks together, forming stiff fibres

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22
Q

why does haemoglobin release oxygen to tissue cells?

A

increase in carbon dioxide
increase in temperature
bohr effect

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23
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

lack of oxygen

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24
Q

what can hypoxia present itself as?

A

cyanosis (skin changes colour)

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25
Q

what is acute hypoxic exposure picked up by?

A

chemoreceptors (peripheral & central)

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26
Q

what does acute hypoxic exposure increase?

A

heart rate
cardiac output

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27
Q

what is longer term hypoxic exposure picked up by?

A

central chemoreceptors (carotid bodies & kidney receptors)

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28
Q

what is haematocrit used to check?

A

the amount of red blood cells

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29
Q

what are the three nutrients within red blood cells?

A

iron
vitamin B12
Folic acid

30
Q

what is anaemia?

A

decrease in healthy red blood cells

31
Q

what are the 3 types of anaemia?

A

iron deficiency anaemia
vitamins B12 (pernicious anaemia)
folic acid anaemia

32
Q

what the symptoms of anaemia?

A

lack of oxygen
tiredness
headaches
pale appearance
palpitations
shortness of breath
Flat, sunken nails (koilonychia)
Red, sore tongue (lack of taste)

33
Q

what is polycythaemia?

A

increased number of red blood cells

34
Q

what is primary polycythaemia caused by?

A

genetic muation

35
Q

what is secondary polythaemia caused by?

A

chronic hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
Increase in blood thickness
Blood flow to organs reduced (blood clots can form)

36
Q

what are symptoms of polycythaemia?

A

Headache
Mental clouding
Darker nails
Peritus
Skin redness, facial plethora) and hands
Hepatic vein which drains the liver (enlarged liver)
Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
Strokes
Digital ischaemia (poor perfusion- death of fingers and toes/ lack of oxygen)

37
Q

what does carbon monoxide stop?

A

oxygen delivery

38
Q

what does carbon monoxide bind to..??

A

it binds competitively and irreversibly to haemoglobin

39
Q

Where is carbon monoxide found?

A

gas/oil boilers, petrol fumes, cigarette smoke

40
Q

what is the functions of white blood cells (leucocytes)?

A

fighting infection
defence against microbes and disease

41
Q

what are the three types of leucocytes?

A

neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

lymphocyte….?

42
Q

what are neutropils?

A

phagocytes (cells which eat other cells)
extends a pseudopod to digest bacterium (puss)

43
Q

what are eosinophils?

A

they kill parasitic worms and release potent granules

44
Q

what are Basophils?

A

they release heparin (keeps blood moving)
Releases chemical histamine (causes inflammation)

45
Q

What are lymphocytes composed of?

A

a large nucleus- the smallest white blood cell

46
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cell

47
Q

what are the roles of B cells?

A

antibody production (fight specific infections and eliminate pathogens)

48
Q

what occurs to T cells?

A

HIV attacks and destroys T-cells (develops into aids) therefore unable to then fight against infection (common cold)

49
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells?

A

to destroy transformed cell (cancer/virus/tumours)

are told when pathogen is present by dendritic cells

50
Q

what are the roles of platelets?

A

blood clotting

51
Q

what do B lymphocytes detect?

A

self and foreign antigens

52
Q

when do B cells become activated?

A

when a foreign antigen is detected

53
Q

what do B cells create when foreign antigens are detected?

A

create clones of antibodies
become bigger in size and become Plasma cells

54
Q

what is the process called with antibodies bind to foreign antigens?

A

agglutination

55
Q

what are the treatments for blood loss?

A

whole blood transfusion
Blood plasma transfusion
Platelet transfusion
Red blood cell in saline

56
Q

AB blood (receive or give)

A

can receive blood from ANYONE

cant give blood to anyone apart from AB

57
Q

O blood (receive or give)

A

cannot receive blood from anyone apart from O
can give blood to ANYONE

58
Q

what occurs if someone is given the wrong blood type during a blood transfusion?

A

Blood clots

59
Q

what are the symptoms of being given the wrong blood type?

A

chills
vomiting
pain at infusion site
muscle pain
bronchial spasms
Pulmonary oedema (fluid in lungs)

60
Q

how do you know if you are Rhesus positive?

A

have D antigen on your red blood cell count

61
Q

when can rhesus become an issue during pregnancy?

A

mother rhesus negative
father rhesus positive

62
Q

what occurs during pregnancy if the father is rhesus positive?

A

first baby fine
Second baby affected

antigens created during first pregnancy remain
rhesus antigens from father cross placenta and attack the baby’s red blood cells

Haemolytic disease of the newborn

63
Q

what are the characteristics of haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Anemia
Jaundice
Enlargment of the fetus liver and spleen
generalized endema
heart failure

64
Q

How do you prevent haemolytic disease?

A

by giving an Anti-D injection

Will destroy D antigen on baby’s red blood cells

before mother makes her own antibodies

65
Q

what does blood clotting (haemostasias0 involve?

A

platelets
Blood coagulation to stop blood loss

66
Q

what occurs during platelet plug formation?

A

exposed collagen fibres becomes coated with protein

67
Q

what occurs for fibrin clot formation to occur?

A

Depends of two inactive proteins
prothrombin and fibrinogen

prothrombin activated= becomes thrombin

thrombin activates fibrinogen (becomes fibrin fibres)

68
Q

what does blood coagulation involve?

A

several clotting factors (inactive proteins present in blood)
made in the liver

69
Q

what occurs as a result of lack of factor 8?

A

haemophiliac (cannot stop bleeding)

70
Q

what is arterial thrombosis?

A

Artery- (carry oxygen-rich blood to the body- more serious)

71
Q

What is venous thrombosis?

A

Vein (clot can move into the lungs- less serious)

72
Q

Types of anti-blood clotting drugs (anti-coagulant)

A

Heparin - given by injection or drip (inhibit formation of thrombin)
Warfarin- good for liver (vitamin K antagonist)
NOAC’s - inhibit factor 10a

SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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