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SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology > Blood and blood groups > Flashcards

Blood and blood groups Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What does blood do?

A

serves as a transport medium
delivers oxygen

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2
Q

What is blood made from?

A

plasma and red blood cells (eythrocytes)

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3
Q

what two things does a buff coat consist of?

A

platelets and white blood cells (leucocytes)

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4
Q

Of what percentage is plasma water?

A

90%

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5
Q

of what percentage is plasma made from plasma proteins?

A

8% (albumin, globulin, clotting proteins)

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6
Q

What percentage of plasma is organic substances?

A

1.1% (glucose, amino acids, urea, hormones)

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7
Q

What percentage of plasma is inorganic substances?

A

0.9% Electrolytes (sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium)

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8
Q

Plasma electrolytes- what do potassium ions affect?

A

heartbeat

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9
Q

Plasma electrolytes- what do sodium ions reduce?

A

Reduces fluid volume (causing dizziness and weakness)

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10
Q

Plasma electrolytes- what causes people to lose electrolytes?

A

diarrhoea and vomiting

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11
Q

what do plasma electrolytes surround?

A

every cell and organ

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12
Q

what is haematopoiesis?

A

formation of all blood cells

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13
Q

where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

bone marrow

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14
Q

what shape are red blood cells?

A

biconcave disc

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15
Q

red blood cells are the only cell that doesnt have a …….?

A

nucleus (anucleate)

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16
Q

What occurs if red blood cells get damaged?

A

they cannot repair as they haven’t got a nucleus

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17
Q

where is the haemoglobin site- red blood cells

A

inside

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18
Q

red blood cells- what is the central molecule within haemoglobin?

A

Iron

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19
Q

Where does diffusion of oxygen occur?

A

blood stream

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20
Q

what is produced with oxygen binds to haemoglobin?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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21
Q

what mutation occurs in sickle cell anaemia?

A

distorted shape
haemoglobin protein sticks together, forming stiff fibres

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22
Q

why does haemoglobin release oxygen to tissue cells?

A

increase in carbon dioxide
increase in temperature
bohr effect

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23
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

lack of oxygen

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24
Q

what can hypoxia present itself as?

A

cyanosis (skin changes colour)

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25
what is acute hypoxic exposure picked up by?
chemoreceptors (peripheral & central)
26
what does acute hypoxic exposure increase?
heart rate cardiac output
27
what is longer term hypoxic exposure picked up by?
central chemoreceptors (carotid bodies & kidney receptors)
28
what is haematocrit used to check?
the amount of red blood cells
29
what are the three nutrients within red blood cells?
iron vitamin B12 Folic acid
30
what is anaemia?
decrease in healthy red blood cells
31
what are the 3 types of anaemia?
iron deficiency anaemia vitamins B12 (pernicious anaemia) folic acid anaemia
32
what the symptoms of anaemia?
lack of oxygen tiredness headaches pale appearance palpitations shortness of breath Flat, sunken nails (koilonychia) Red, sore tongue (lack of taste)
33
what is polycythaemia?
increased number of red blood cells
34
what is primary polycythaemia caused by?
genetic muation
35
what is secondary polythaemia caused by?
chronic hypoxia (lack of oxygen) Increase in blood thickness Blood flow to organs reduced (blood clots can form)
36
what are symptoms of polycythaemia?
Headache Mental clouding Darker nails Peritus Skin redness, facial plethora) and hands Hepatic vein which drains the liver (enlarged liver) Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) Strokes Digital ischaemia (poor perfusion- death of fingers and toes/ lack of oxygen)
37
what does carbon monoxide stop?
oxygen delivery
38
what does carbon monoxide bind to..??
it binds competitively and irreversibly to haemoglobin
39
Where is carbon monoxide found?
gas/oil boilers, petrol fumes, cigarette smoke
40
what is the functions of white blood cells (leucocytes)?
fighting infection defence against microbes and disease
41
what are the three types of leucocytes?
neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils lymphocyte....?
42
what are neutropils?
phagocytes (cells which eat other cells) extends a pseudopod to digest bacterium (puss)
43
what are eosinophils?
they kill parasitic worms and release potent granules
44
what are Basophils?
they release heparin (keeps blood moving) Releases chemical histamine (causes inflammation)
45
What are lymphocytes composed of?
a large nucleus- the smallest white blood cell
46
what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
B cells T cells Natural killer cell
47
what are the roles of B cells?
antibody production (fight specific infections and eliminate pathogens)
48
what occurs to T cells?
HIV attacks and destroys T-cells (develops into aids) therefore unable to then fight against infection (common cold)
49
What is the role of natural killer cells?
to destroy transformed cell (cancer/virus/tumours) are told when pathogen is present by dendritic cells
50
what are the roles of platelets?
blood clotting
51
what do B lymphocytes detect?
self and foreign antigens
52
when do B cells become activated?
when a foreign antigen is detected
53
what do B cells create when foreign antigens are detected?
create clones of antibodies become bigger in size and become Plasma cells
54
what is the process called with antibodies bind to foreign antigens?
agglutination
55
what are the treatments for blood loss?
whole blood transfusion Blood plasma transfusion Platelet transfusion Red blood cell in saline
56
AB blood (receive or give)
can receive blood from ANYONE cant give blood to anyone apart from AB
57
O blood (receive or give)
cannot receive blood from anyone apart from O can give blood to ANYONE
58
what occurs if someone is given the wrong blood type during a blood transfusion?
Blood clots
59
what are the symptoms of being given the wrong blood type?
chills vomiting pain at infusion site muscle pain bronchial spasms Pulmonary oedema (fluid in lungs)
60
how do you know if you are Rhesus positive?
have D antigen on your red blood cell count
61
when can rhesus become an issue during pregnancy?
mother rhesus negative father rhesus positive
62
what occurs during pregnancy if the father is rhesus positive?
first baby fine Second baby affected antigens created during first pregnancy remain rhesus antigens from father cross placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells Haemolytic disease of the newborn
63
what are the characteristics of haemolytic disease of the newborn?
Anemia Jaundice Enlargment of the fetus liver and spleen generalized endema heart failure
64
How do you prevent haemolytic disease?
by giving an Anti-D injection Will destroy D antigen on baby's red blood cells before mother makes her own antibodies
65
what does blood clotting (haemostasias0 involve?
platelets Blood coagulation to stop blood loss
66
what occurs during platelet plug formation?
exposed collagen fibres becomes coated with protein
67
what occurs for fibrin clot formation to occur?
Depends of two inactive proteins prothrombin and fibrinogen prothrombin activated= becomes thrombin thrombin activates fibrinogen (becomes fibrin fibres)
68
what does blood coagulation involve?
several clotting factors (inactive proteins present in blood) made in the liver
69
what occurs as a result of lack of factor 8?
haemophiliac (cannot stop bleeding)
70
what is arterial thrombosis?
Artery- (carry oxygen-rich blood to the body- more serious)
71
What is venous thrombosis?
Vein (clot can move into the lungs- less serious)
72
Types of anti-blood clotting drugs (anti-coagulant)
Heparin - given by injection or drip (inhibit formation of thrombin) Warfarin- good for liver (vitamin K antagonist) NOAC's - inhibit factor 10a

SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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