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SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology > Cell Metabolism > Flashcards

Cell Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are nutrients important for?

A

Growth, maintenance and repair

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2
Q

What are 6 essential nutrients?

A

Vitamins, minerals, water, proteins, fats and carbohydrates

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3
Q

What do carbohydrates broken down into?

A

Glucose

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4
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

amino acids

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5
Q

What are fats and oils broken down into?

A

Fatty acids

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6
Q

What is the metabolic function of the liver

A

To convert one type of food molecule into another

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7
Q

In the cell, what is glucose broken down to make?

A

ATP

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8
Q

What do cells need to carry out metabolic reactions?

A

oxygen- lungs
other materials- digestive tract

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9
Q

What do chemical reactions provide?

A

every to maintain homeostasis
preform essential functions

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10
Q

what do molecules produced by anabolism help with?

A

growth
structural maintenance and repairs
secretions
build nutrient reserves

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11
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

inability to convert amino acids
results in abnormal presence of phenylketone in urine

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12
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Lack of calories, proteins, vitamins and minterals

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13
Q

what are the signs of malnutrition?

A

sunken eyes
thin and bony face
ribs visible
thin muscles and fat
no oedema

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor (protein deficiency)

A

swollen abdomen
muscle wasting
change in hair texture/ colour
change in skin pigmentation
physical and mental retardation

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15
Q

What conditions increase loss of nutrients?

A

Diarrhoea- reduced absorption of nutrients
Haemorrhage- loss of nutrients in blood
malabsorption- failure to absorb nutrients

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16
Q

What conditions reduce nutrient intake?

A

Anorexia- reduced motivation to eat
cachexia- cancer appetite loss
tooth problems- difficulty chewing

17
Q

What conditions increase the use of nutrients by the body?

A

Infection-increased immune activity
Burns- loss of nutrients by damaged tissue
Fever- increased temperature and metabolic rate (increase nutrient catabolism

18
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed from?

A

small intestine to the liver

19
Q

How to fatty acids reach the liver?

A

by the lymph system and then the bloodstream

20
Q

What is glucose stored as in the liver?

A

complex carbohydrate glycogen (provide energy)

21
Q

What are fatty acids used for in the liver?

A

used by muscles cells to supply energy

construct membranes

despatched to adipose tissue for storage at fat (insulation and energy reserve)

22
Q

What are amino acids used for in the liver?

A

manufacture proteins (in blood - plasma proteins)
growth and repair
remain in bloodstream for other cells to use

23
Q

What do vitamins assist in?

A

help enzymes to control metabolic processes

24
Q

Why are minerals needed?

A

enzyme function (bone formation)

25
Q

What vitamins dissolve in water?

A

B and C

26
Q

What vitamins dissolve in fat?

A

A, D , E and K

27
Q

What is ATP useful for?

A

energy source
contains high-energy phosphate bonds

28
Q

What occurs in the catabolism of carbohydrates?

A

broken down into glucose (sugar)
Provide ATP for body
Cellular respiration

29
Q

What occurs in the catabolism of proteins?

A

Amino acids formed
make new complex molecules (digestive enzymes, hormones, hair)

30
Q

What occurs in the catabolism of fats

A

form fatty acids and glycerol

31
Q

What 3 stages are involved in glucose catabolism?

A

Glycolysis, krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

32
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

33
Q

What is lactic acidosis?

A

build up of lactate in muscles by liver and kidney
causes imbalance in body pH levels

34
Q

What are the symptoms of lactic acidosis?

A

fruity smelling breath, confusion, jaundice, trouble breathing, muscle cramps, pain, body weakness

35
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

formation of glucose from proteins and fats

fat catabolism- normal
protein catabolism- if starving or little carbs eaten

36
Q

What can be converted to produce glucose?

A

glycerol, lactic acid, 60% of amino acids

37
Q

why is CoA condensed to ketone bodies?

A

to large to diffuse of out the plasma membrane, leave the liver and enter the bloodstream

38
Q

What happens in ketone bodies are in excess (untreated diabetes)?

A

acidosis (low blood pH)
disorientation, coma, death

SHC151-Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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