blood and blood pressure flash cards
(41 cards)
1
Q
Pluripotent cells
A
Differentiate into Myeloid or Lymphoid cell lines.
2
Q
RBCs Erythrocytes
A
- They contain an oxygen-carrying protein called hemoglobin, which gives red RBC its red color.
- It last in circulation
for about 120 days for it life cycle - Erythrocytes (biconcave
disc) NOT SPHEROIDAL
3
Q
Hemoglobin I
A
- Hemoglobin has a protein called globin made of a four polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains) and a ringlike nonprotein called heme. This is what gives
RBC its red color - Iron (Fe) in the center of the
heme pigment to carry 99% of oxygen HEME is NOT A PROTEIN
4
Q
Erythropoiesis
A
- Erythropoiesis-Production of RBC’s starts in the red bone marrow with a precursor cell called proerythroblast.
-
“RBC production keeps pace with destruction”
Required elements include Vitamin B12, globins FE (iron) EPO (Erythropoietin from kidney)
4
Q
Hemoglobin II
A
When hemoglobin is recycled:
- The Globin is digested into amino acids, which are used by cells to build new proteins.
- The Iron (FE) molecules are transported back to the bone marrow by ferritin or transferrin.
- The Heme group is converted to biliverdin and then to bilirubin.
5
Q
WBC’s Leukocytes
A
- WBCs are White Blood Cells which can live for several months or years. These are far less numerous compared to RBCs
- Emigrates to tissue 98% Neutrophils- Phagocytes 60-70% Most numerous. Fastest acting.
- Segs, Polys (PMNs) and bands
(immature). Lymphocytes- 20-25% include immune cells B and T cells and
natural killers which attack Tumor Virus-infected or Cancer cells - Monocytes become Macrophages- Phagocytes 3-8% have horse shoe shaped nucleus. Attacks virus and fungal.
- Eosinophils- 2-4% attack
parasites. - Basophils- respond to allergic reactions 0.5-1.0% CAN NOT SEE
NUCLEUS may become mast cells in tissues causing inflammation
6
Q
WBCs versus RBCs
A
- WBCs have nuclei
- RBCs lose their nuclei
- WBCs have surface Major Histocompatibility Antigens
- RBCs do not have MHCs
- WBCs can emigrate the blood vessels
- RBCs do not emigrate
7
Q
WBC Differential Count
A
Detection of changes in numbers of circulating WBCs (percentages of each type) –indicates infection, poisoning, leukemia, chemotherapy, parasites or allergy reaction Normal WBC counts
– neutrophils 60-70% (up if bacterial infection)
– lymphocytes 20-25% (up if viral infection)
– monocytes 3 – 8 % (up if fungal/viral infection)
– eosinophils 2 – 4 % (up if parasite or allergy reaction)
– basophils <1% (up if allergy reaction or hypothyroid)
8
Q
WBCs
A
- Emigration, or diapedesis, is the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels.
- Chemotaxis refers to the extracellular destruction of pathogens by phagocytic cells.
- WBCs use lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions to destroy pathogens.
- Neutrophils are usually the first responders to an infection.
- Macrophages react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
9
Q
Hemostasis
A
- Sequence of events that prevents the loss of blood from blood vessels.
- Must be rapid, localized and carefully controlled.
- Involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulation.
- Can prevent hemorrhage if the damaged blood vessels are small.
10
Q
Platelets I
A
- TPO Thrombopoietin stimulates myeloid stem cells to produce platelets
- Platelets help stop blood loss from
damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug. Their granules also
contain chemicals that promote blood clotting - Normal platelet count is 150,000-
400,000/drop of blood Other blood cell counts 5 million red & 5- 10,000 white blood cells
11
Q
Platelets II
A
-
Platelets store a lot of chemicals in granules needed for platelet plug
formation. -
Alpha granules contain clotting factors, PDGF platelet-derived growth
factor cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle &
fibroblasts to repair damaged vessels. - Dense granules ADP, ATP, Ca+2, serotonin, fibrin-stabilizing factor,& enzymes that produce thromboxane A2.
- Steps in the process (1) platelet adhesion (2) platelet release reaction (3)
platelet aggregation
12
Q
Common Pathway of Blood Coagulation
A
Formation of Prothrombinase marks the beginning of the common pathway
1st- Formation of Prothrombinase
2nd- Prothrombin
3rd- Thrombin
4th- Fibrinogen
5th- Fibrin
Cloting factors produced in the liver and requires Vitamin K for their
synthesis. Warfarin (Coumadin) blocks Vitamin K and is an anticoagulant.
Serum is blood- When fibrinogen removed will not clo
13
Q
ABO Blood Groups
A
Based on the presence or absence of various antigens, blood is categorized in to different blood groups. A, B, and O. Antigens- Are substances that generates antibodies against them
- “Based off of inherited antigens on the surface of erythrocytes “
- Type A Blood - Only antigen A
- Type B Blood- Only Antigen B
- Type AB Blood- Have antigens AB (UniversalRecipient)
- Type O Blood - Have neither antigens A or B
(Universal Donor)
14
Q
Leukemia
A
Cancer of white blood cells resulting very large number of abnormal
WBC which do not function properly will not allow production of
RBCs or platelets.
15
Q
Functions of Blood
A
- Transports nutrients, wastes and gases
- Regulates pH
- Defends against infection
- Prevents blood loss
- Distributes heat
16
Q
Hemopoietic Growth Factors
A
- *Erythropoietin (EPO) –produced by the kidneys
increase RBC precursors - Thrombopoietin (TPO) –hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation
- Cytokines are local hormones of bone marrow –produced by some marrow cells to stimulate proliferation in other marrow cells colonystimulating factor (CSF) & interleukin stimulate WBC production
17
Q
Vessels
A
- Arteries carry blood from the heart to the tissues.
- Large Elastic Arteries are “Conducting”
- Medium Muscular Arteries are “Distributing”
- Arterioles are small arteries that connect to capillaries.
- Capillaries are the site of substance exchange between the blood and body tissues
- Venules connect capillaries to larger veins.
- Veins convey blood from the tissues back to the heart.
- Vaso vasorum are small blood vessels that supply blood to the cells of the walls of the arteries and veins.
- Blood vessels form a closed system of tubes that carry blood away from the heart, transport it to the tissues of the body, and then return
it to the heart
18
Q
Vasodilation
A
- Decreased sympathetic innervation
- Increased H+ concentration
- Increased lactic acid concentration
- Increased NO (Nitric Oxide)
concentration
19
Q
Large Size Elastic Arteries
A
“Conduct” Blood
- Aorta
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Common iliac artery
- Subclavian artery
20
Q
Medium Size Muscular Arteries
A
“Distribute Blood”
- Contain more smooth muscle than
elastic fibers in the tunica media
- Radial artery
21
Q
Arterioles
A
Are the vessels that play a key role in
regulating blood distribution and
pressure because their diameters
(radius) may be easily and rapidly
adjusted.
22
Q
Sinusoids
A
- Have very large fenestrations
(openings in the wall) very porous - Have an incomplete basement
membrane -
Are located in the liver, bone
marrow, spleen, anterior pituitary, &
parathyroid gland
23
Q
Venules
A
- Drain capillary beds.
- Merge to form veins.
- Provide exit points for phagocytic cells (emigration through porous walls)
24
Anastomoses
- **Union of 2 or more arteries supplying the same body region** –blockage of only one pathway has no effect
- **Circle of Willis underneath brain**
- **Coronary Circulation of heart**
- **Alternate route** of blood flow through an **anastomosis** is **known as collateral circulation**
- can occur in veins and venules as well
- Arteries that **do not anastomose** are known as **end arteries**
25
Blood Distribution
- 60% of blood volume at rest is **in systemic veins and venules** –function as **blood reservoir**
- Veins of skin & abdominal organs (liver and spleen)–blood is diverted from it in times of need
- Increased muscular activity produces venoconstriction
- Hemorrhage causes venoconstriction to help maintain blood pressure
- 15% of blood volume in arteries & arterioles
26
Capillary Exchange
How Materials Enter and Leave Capillaries I
**Diffusion (most important method)**
- Substances such as O2, CO2, glucose, amino acids, hormones, and others diffuse down their concentration gradients
- all plasma solutes except large proteins pass freely across–through lipid bilayer, fenestrations or intercellular clefts–blood brain barrier
does not allow diffusion of water-soluble materials (nonfenestrated epithelium with tight junctions)
**Transcytosis**
- passage of material across endothelium in tiny vesicles by endocytosis and exocytosis –large, lipid-insoluble molecules such as insulin or maternal antibodies passing through placental
circulation to fetus
27
Capillary Exchange
How Materials Enter and Leave Capillaries II
**Bulk Flow:**
is the movement of large amount of dissolved or suspended material in same direction move in response to pressure from area of high
pressure to area of low pressure. Faster rate of movement than diffusion or osmosis- Most important for regulation of relative volumes of blood & interstitial fluid
**Filtration** is movement of material into interstitial fluid promoted by
blood hydrostatic pressure BHP & interstitial fluid osmotic pressure IFOP, out of the arteriole side of capillaries.
**Reabsorption** is movement from interstitial fluid into capillaries
promoted by blood colloid osmotic pressure BCOP balance of these pressures is net filtration pressure, into the venule side of capillaries.
- plasma proteins (the excess) are collected by lymphatic capillaries (3 liters/day). NFP= (BHP + IFOP) – (BCOP + IFHP)
28
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
120 mmhg **Systolic Blood pressure** when heart is in contraction (Normal)
80 mmhg **Diasolic Blood pressure** when heart is in relaxation (Normal)
40 mmhg **Pulse Pressure** is calculated by subtracting the Diastolic from Systolic
Normal Cardiac ratio o is 3 : 2 : 1 120S : 80D : 40PP MAP- Mean= Average blood pressure. Calculated by Diastolic + 1/3(PP) 80 mmhg + 1/3(40 mmhg) = 93 mmhg
**Hypertension**
Is either 140 mmhg Systolic or greater, OR 90 mmhg Diastolic or greater.
3) 180 mmhg Systolic – 2) 120 mmhg Diastolic = 1) 60 mmhg Pulse
Pressure This would be hypertensive and have normal cardiac ratio
29
Fluid Retention
- Increased BP, more fluid in the blood puts more hydrostatic pressure on the blood vessel walls.
- Increased BP, more fluid in the blood forces the heart to contract more forcefully.
- Increased BP, more fluid movement generates more friction and resistance
30
Systemic Vascular Resistance
This also known as total peripheral
resistance and refers to all of the
vascular resistances offered by systemic
blood vessels; **most resistance is in
arterioles**, capillaries, and venules due
to their small diameters.
31
The Cardiovascular Center
- Is located in the medulla oblongata.
- Regulates blood vessel diameter. (Vasomotor Center via sympathetic nerves only to the Vasomotor nerves)
- Regulates heart rate. Both Sympathetic via cardiac accelerator nerve and Parasympathetic the CN IX Glossalpharyngeal and CN X Vagus
Nerves (sensory) and CN X Vagus nerve for motor.
- Regulates contractility of the ventricles. Sympathetic via the Cardiac Accelerator nerves.
- Receives input from higher brain centers, proprioceptors, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors.
32
Neural Control of Blood Pressure
Depends on:
- Sensory input from baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic sinuses.
- Sensory input from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies.
- Cranial nerves IX and X relaying impulses to the cardiovascular center.
- The balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses from the cardiovascular center.
33
34
A Neural Response to raise blood
pressure would be triggered by:
- Moving from a lying down to a standing position
- Decreased stretching of the carotid or aortic sinus
- Decreased O2 detected by the carotid or aortic body
- Increased CO2 detected by the carotid or aortic body
- Decreased pH detected by the carotid or aortic body
35
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure
(Compensation for Shock)
**Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone** system senses a decrease in BP or decreased blood flow to kidney which causes the release
of renin / results in formation angiotensin II systemic vasoconstriction causes release aldosterone (H2O & Na+ reabsorption) which in turn raises BP.
**Epinephrine & norepinephrine** increases heart rate & force of contraction causes vasoconstriction in skin & abdominal
organs vasodilation in cardiac & skeletal muscle which raises BP.
**ADH** causes vasoconstriction and maintains or raises BP **ANP** (atrial natriuretic peptide) lowers BP causes vasodilation & loss of salt and water in the urine.
36
Pulmonary Circulation Requires less
pressure compared to Systemic Pressure
- Pulmonary arteries have large
diameters
- Pulmonary arteries have thinner walls
and less elastic tissue than systemic
arteries
- Pulmonary arteries offer less resistance
to blood flow than systemic arteries.
37
Hepatic Portal Vein
A portal system carries blood between two capillary networks, in this case from capillaries of the gastrointestinal tract to sinusoids of the liver which is deoxygenated nutrient rich blood.
The hepatic portal circulation collects blood from the veins of the pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, and gallbladder and
directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver before it returns to the heart.
It enables nutrient utilization and blood detoxification by the
liver
38
Coronary Arteries
- The **Right** and**Left Coronary arteries** are branches off of the **ascending aorta**
- The** Right Coronary** artery branches into the **Posterior Interventricular Artery** and the **Marginal artery**. **RPM**
- The **Left Coronary artery** branches into the **Anterior Interventricular Artery** and the **Circumflex artery**. **LAC**
39
The cerebral arterial circle (circle of
Willis) receives blood from:
Vertebral arteries via the basilar artery and right
and left internal carotid arteries.
Provides an anastomosis to the brain.
40
Arteries to the right side of the
face from the heart.
AA, Aortic Arch, BCT, CC, EC,
Maxillary
